Dynamic and integrative approaches to understanding pathogen spillover

Becker, Daniel J.; Washburne, Alex D.; Faust, Christina L.; Pulliam, Juliet R. C.; Mordecai, Erin A.; Lloyd‐Smith, James O.; Plowright, Raina K.

doi:10.1098/rstb.2019.0014

Cited by 46 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…In addition to trypanosomes, black rats may act as reservoirs for many other sources of infectious agents (Banks and Hughes 2012). Additional information regarding the presence, distribution and diversity of pathogens harboured by black rats in Australia is critical to understanding pathogen spill-over dynamics (Becker et al 2019). Future research encompassing both morphological and molecular techniques is ongoing by the authors.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular identification of the Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) lewisi clade in black rats (Rattus rattus) from Australia

et al. 2020

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Invasive rodent species are known hosts for a diverse range of infectious microorganisms and have long been associated with the spread of disease globally. The present study describes molecular evidence for the presence of a Trypanosoma sp. from black rats (Rattus rattus) in northern Sydney, Australia. Sequences of the 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) locus were obtained in two out of eleven (18%) blood samples with subsequent phylogenetic analysis confirming the identity within the Trypanosoma lewisi clade.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular identification of the Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) lewisi clade in black rats (Rattus rattus) from Australia

et al. 2020

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“…The term "pathogen spillover" describes the transmission of a pathogen from a reservoir host to a different species in a shared environment 48 . To achieve this, several conditions must be fulfilled; the reservoir host must be sufficiently abundant to guarantee exposure, pathogen prevalence must be high enough to ensure direct or environmental transmission, and the recipient host must be susceptible to infection via direct or indirect transmission 49 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for and against deformed wing virus spillover from honey bees to bumble bees: a reverse genetic analysis

Gusachenko

Woodford

Balbirnie-Cumming

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Deformed wing virus (DWV) is a persistent pathogen of European honey bees and the major contributor to overwintering colony losses. The prevalence of DWV in honey bees has led to significant concerns about spillover of the virus to other pollinating species. Bumble bees are both a major group of wild and commercially-reared pollinators. Several studies have reported pathogen spillover of DWV from honey bees to bumble bees, but evidence of a sustained viral infection characterized by virus replication and accumulation has yet to be demonstrated. Here we investigate the infectivity and transmission of DWV in bumble bees using the buff-tailed bumble bee Bombus terrestris as a model. We apply a reverse genetics approach combined with controlled laboratory conditions to detect and monitor DWV infection. A novel reverse genetics system for three representative DWV variants, including the two master variants of DWV—type A and B—was used. Our results directly confirm DWV replication in bumble bees but also demonstrate striking resistance to infection by certain transmission routes. Bumble bees may support DWV replication but it is not clear how infection could occur under natural environmental conditions.

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“…Functional surveillance would complement current approaches of using pattern-based surveillance by improving our understanding of emergence processes (e.g. [93]). The mechanistic underpinnings of functional surveillance will allow for better prediction as conditions change, a current weakness of retrospective risk assessments.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving risk assessment of the emergence of novel influenza A viruses by incorporating environmental surveillance

Pepin

Hopken

Shriner

et al. 2019

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Reassortment is an evolutionary mechanism by which influenza A viruses (IAV) generate genetic novelty. Reassortment is an important driver of host jumps and is widespread according to retrospective surveillance studies. However, predicting the epidemiological risk of reassortant emergence in novel hosts from surveillance data remains challenging. IAV strains persist and co-occur in the environment, promoting co-infection during environmental transmission. These conditions offer opportunity to understand reassortant emergence in reservoir and spillover hosts. Specifically, environmental RNA could provide rich information for understanding the evolutionary ecology of segmented viruses, and transform our ability to quantify epidemiological risk to spillover hosts. However, significant challenges with recovering and interpreting genomic RNA from the environment have impeded progress towards predicting reassortant emergence from environmental surveillance data. We discuss how the fields of genomics, experimental ecology and epidemiological modelling are well positioned to address these challenges. Coupling quantitative disease models and natural transmission studies with new molecular technologies, such as deep-mutational scanning and single-virus sequencing of environmental samples, should dramatically improve our understanding of viral co-occurrence and reassortment. We define observable risk metrics for emerging molecular technologies and propose a conceptual research framework for improving accuracy and efficiency of risk prediction. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Dynamic and integrative approaches to understanding pathogen spillover’.

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Dynamic and integrative approaches to understanding pathogen spillover

Abstract: One contribution of 20 to a theme issue 'Dynamic and integrative approaches to understanding pathogen spillover'.

Cited by 46 publications

References 67 publications

Molecular identification of the Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) lewisi clade in black rats (Rattus rattus) from Australia

Molecular identification of the Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) lewisi clade in black rats (Rattus rattus) from Australia

Evidence for and against deformed wing virus spillover from honey bees to bumble bees: a reverse genetic analysis

Improving risk assessment of the emergence of novel influenza A viruses by incorporating environmental surveillance

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