This study uses a nonlinear transient finite element method (FEM) to simulate the mechanism and structural behavior of a 5.56 mm rifle’s multi-body power transmission system after being fired. Specifically, this study uses the Vallier-Heydenreich formula to calculate the chamber pressure, and uses the result as the input loading for the FEM model. The analysis in this study considers elastic deformation, joint clearance, and impact effects. The proposed simulation is capable of simultaneously obtaining the kinematic status, transient stresses, and strain history of a rifle. The results of shooting experiments verified the accuracy of the numerical model. The difference in the bolt carrier’s operation cycle between experimental and numerical data was only 1.9%, indicating that this simulation method is credible.