Abstract:He obtained his Ph.D. in 1993 at Uppsala University and was a postdoctoral fellow with Prof. Michael Gra ¨tzel (1993-1994) at EPFL, Switzerland. His research focuses on physical chemical characterization of mesoporous electrodes for different types of optoelectronic devices, specifically dye-sensitized solar cells. He has about 200 scientific publications and 8 patent applications. He is a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences (IVA), Stockholm, and a visiting professor at the
“…Renewable energy including solar, wind, waves, and hydropower are being the promising alternatives to replace the traditional fossil fuels to achieve the goal of green, economical, and sustainable society 2. However, their power output varies significantly over seasons, climates, and locations, and often mismatches the energy demands, even poisons gridding power 3.…”
Zn–air batteries are becoming the promising power sources for portable and wearable electronic devices and hybrid/electric vehicles because of their high specific energy density and the low cost for next‐generation green and sustainable energy technologies. An air electrode integrated with an oxygen electrocatalyst is the most important component and inevitably determines the performance and cost of a Zn–air battery. This article presents exciting advances and challenges related to air electrodes and their relatives. After a brief introduction of the Zn–air battery, the architectures and oxygen electrocatalysts of air electrodes and relevant electrolytes are highlighted in primary and rechargeable types with different configurations, respectively. Moreover, the individual components and major issues of flexible Zn–air batteries are also highlighted, along with the strategies to enhance the battery performance. Finally, a perspective for design, preparation, and assembly of air electrodes is proposed for the future innovations of Zn–air batteries with high performance.
“…Renewable energy including solar, wind, waves, and hydropower are being the promising alternatives to replace the traditional fossil fuels to achieve the goal of green, economical, and sustainable society 2. However, their power output varies significantly over seasons, climates, and locations, and often mismatches the energy demands, even poisons gridding power 3.…”
Zn–air batteries are becoming the promising power sources for portable and wearable electronic devices and hybrid/electric vehicles because of their high specific energy density and the low cost for next‐generation green and sustainable energy technologies. An air electrode integrated with an oxygen electrocatalyst is the most important component and inevitably determines the performance and cost of a Zn–air battery. This article presents exciting advances and challenges related to air electrodes and their relatives. After a brief introduction of the Zn–air battery, the architectures and oxygen electrocatalysts of air electrodes and relevant electrolytes are highlighted in primary and rechargeable types with different configurations, respectively. Moreover, the individual components and major issues of flexible Zn–air batteries are also highlighted, along with the strategies to enhance the battery performance. Finally, a perspective for design, preparation, and assembly of air electrodes is proposed for the future innovations of Zn–air batteries with high performance.
“…For liquid DSC devices, this dyed metal oxide photo-anode is sealed against a counter electrode and a liquid electrolyte containing a redox couple (usually I 3
- /I - ) is added into the void. Figure 1 shows the main processes which take place during the operation of a liquid DSC device [3,4]. Absorption of light results in photoexcitation of the dye sensitizer (i) which promotes an electron from the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), followed by injection into the conduction band (CB) of the metal oxide semi-conductor (ii).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, the electrons can also undergo back reactions (e.g. the TiO 2 or excited dye can transfer electrons back to the oxidized redox couple) which lowers the Fermi level and V
oc [3]. In practice, TiO 2 films which are thinner than the electron diffusion length are favoured because the electrons reach the collection electrode before they can take part in any back reactions.10.1080/14686996.2018.1492858-F0001Figure 1.Schematic of DSC device showing key steps for device operation (in black) and competing processes (in red).
…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In practice, liquid DSC devices using iodine-based electrolytes are typically limited to V
oc of ≈ 0.8 V because the conversion between I 3
− and I − takes place through several steps with various energy states [3]. Each of these steps, and the regeneration of the dye itself, requires an over-potential (≈ 0.2 eV) to efficiently drive the process.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…based on Co complexes) and solid hole transport materials (HTMs) can achieve higher voltages (i.e. ≈ 1.0 V) because fewer steps are involved and overpotential is lost during each step [3]. This also means that the position of the dye energy levels is key to optimizing device voltage; the LUMO needs to be ≈ 0.2 eV above the metal oxide CB and the redox couple [4].…”
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) have been the subject of wide-ranging studies for many years because of their potential for large-scale manufacturing using roll-to-roll processing allied to their use of earth abundant raw materials. Two main challenges exist for DSC devices to achieve this goal; uplifting device efficiency from the 12 to 14% currently achieved for laboratory-scale ‘hero’ cells and replacement of the widely-used liquid electrolytes which can limit device lifetimes. To increase device efficiency requires optimized dye injection and regeneration, most likely from multiple dyes while replacement of liquid electrolytes requires solid charge transporters (most likely hole transport materials – HTMs). While theoretical and experimental work have both been widely applied to different aspects of DSC research, these approaches are most effective when working in tandem. In this context, this perspective paper considers the key parameters which influence electron transfer processes in DSC devices using one or more dye molecules and how modelling and experimental approaches can work together to optimize electron injection and dye regeneration.
This article defines the specific molecular and electronic characteristics that qualify a colorant as a polymethine dye. It also delineates various subclasses of polymethine dye before going on to describe the spectroscopic characteristics associated with the polymethine chromogen, which has led to this class of colorant becoming so important to numerous sectors of industry and academia. The influences of molecular structure on spectroscopic properties that are peculiar to polymethine dyes form the subject of brief discussion before moving on to a survey of the chief commercial applications for this type of colorant. A short summary of nascent technologies for which polymethine dyes constitute key materials then follows, along with signposting of information sources on their synthesis.
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