“…Perceiving the rising number of asylum seekers as a matter of border security, the EU responded to the so-called 'Europe's refugee crisis' by adopting exclusionary practice and policies, and securitization of refugee issues. A number of policy initiatives that are brought to life in close cooperation with neighbouring transit countries, including Turkey, remained at the core of the EU's response (see Carrera, Blockmans, Gros & Guild, 2015;Tekin, 2017Tekin, , 2019. EU-Turkey cooperation or 'partnership' on migration management started with the 2013 EU-Turkey Readmission Agreement signed on 16 December 2013.…”