Duration of Physical and Mental Execution of Gymnastic Routines

Calmels, Claire; Fournier, Jean

doi:10.1123/tsp.15.2.142

Cited by 56 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…In contrast, the present study demonstrated that the temporal accuracy of eye movements during MI was significantly different to that during AO. Comparable results have been reported by Calmels and Fournier (Calmels & Fournier, 2001), who observed significantly shorter durations in MI compared to action execution in gymnasts. Differences in task design may 13 explain the contrasting findings.…”

Section: Dwell Timesupporting

confidence: 79%

“…Differences in task design may 13 explain the contrasting findings. The complexity of the task was greater in this study, and that of Calmels and Fournier (2001), compared to Gueugneau et al (2008) and Decety et al (1989). Specifically, in this study, the externally timed reach-grasp-place movement involved horizontal, vertical and vergence responses of the eyes compared to a simple pointing movement in the horizontal plane.…”

Section: Dwell Timementioning

confidence: 77%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Eye gaze metrics reflect a shared motor representation for action observation and movement imagery

McCormick

Causer

Holmes

2012

Brain and Cognition

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Action observation (AO) and movement imagery (MI) have been reported to share similar neural networks. This study investigated the congruency between AO and MI using the eye gaze metrics, dwell time and fixation number. A simple reach-grasp-place arm movement was observed and, in a second condition, imagined where the movement was presented from the first person perspective (1PP) and the third person perspective (3PP).Dwell time and number of fixations were calculated for whole scene and regions of interest (ROIs). For whole scene, no significant differences were found in the number of fixations for condition (AO, MI) or perspective. Dwell time, however, was significantly longer in AO than MI. For ROIs, the number of fixations was significantly greater in 1PP than 3PP. The data provide support for congruence between motor simulation states but also indicate some functional differences.

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Section: Dwell Timesupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Dwell Timementioning

confidence: 77%

Eye gaze metrics reflect a shared motor representation for action observation and movement imagery

McCormick

Causer

Holmes

2012

Brain and Cognition

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“…It is likely that these authors meant functions by the word "circumstances" since they involved "memorizing" or "rehearsing" moves. A similar point was made by Calmels and Fournier (2001), who hypothesized that various imagery paces could serve different functions (e.g., learning skills, managing activation level in competition) in gymnastics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Content, characteristics and function of mental images

Fournier

Deremaux

Bernier

2008

Psychology of Sport and Exercise

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Objectives: The goal of this article is to better understand the use of mental imagery by athletes.Design: Exploratory qualitative study followed by interviews with multimedia assessment tool.Method: A first qualitative study was completed with two expert skydivers. The model obtained by the first study was tested in a second quantitative study with 32 skydivers. A multimedia tool was programmed to test the model so that films representing various content (internal or external views), characteristics (e.g., speed) and functions (e.g., to learn, to manage stress) was displayed during interviews in the second study.Results: Results of the first study suggested that the use of imagery can be functionally explained by three related elements: content (what is visualized), characteristics (how it is visualized) and functions (why it is visualized) of mental images. Results of the second study showed that the content and the characteristics of imagery are linked to the function sought. Moreover, we found that the mental images used (content, characteristics and functions) varied according to the level of expertise (novice, confirmed or experts) and with the situation (when preparing for the jump, before jumping out of the plane or after the jump). Conclusions:These results supplement the current stream of study, which has emphasized structural description of mental imagery since 1985. Our findings suggest that future research should build on structural dimensions of mental imagery and examine functional issues, because functional aspects have proved useful for understanding imagery use and for counseling athletes.

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“…Gymnasts accelerate the rhythm of their routine imagery under the conditions of time constraints before competition (Calmels & Fournier, 2001). Present participants had to imagine a just completed actual movement when moving to the next hole, so they would have time constraints simulating their movements both before and after shots.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A finger-tapping procedure (Calmels & Fournier, 2001;Calmels, Lopez, Holmes, & Naman, 2006) was used to allow golfers to identify each phase of the shot during the imagery process. The following instructions were provided participants at the first par-three hole with understanding of each phase of the shot: "Please tap your fingers on your thigh as you reached each phase transition and make the onset of the tapping coincide with the beginning of each phase of the imagined shot.…”

Section: Task and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Duration of Mentally Simulated Movement before and after a Golf Shot

2009

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This report examined the temporal consistency of preshot routines and the temporal similarity and variability between simulated movements before and after a shot. 12 male amateur golfers ages 32 to 69 years ( M = 53.4, SD = 10.5) were assigned into two groups according to their handicaps: skilled ( M = 4.0 handicap, SD = 3.1) and less-skilled ( M = 16.0 handicap, SD = 6.5). They performed their shots mentally from their preshot routines to the points when the balls came to rest, then performed the same shots physically and again recalled the shots mentally. For each of four par-three holes, participants' performances were filmed, and the durations of mental and actual shots were timed. Analysis showed that the skilled golfers had more consistent preshot routines in actual movement, and they also had longer durations for the ball flight phase than the less-skilled golfers in simulated movement. The present findings support the importance of consistent preshot routines for high performance in golf, however, the duration of simulated movements was underestimated both before and after the shots. This also suggests that skilled golfers attend to performance goals both before and after shots to execute their shots under proceduralized control and to correct their movements for their next shot.

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Duration of Physical and Mental Execution of Gymnastic Routines

Cited by 56 publications

References 14 publications

Eye gaze metrics reflect a shared motor representation for action observation and movement imagery

Eye gaze metrics reflect a shared motor representation for action observation and movement imagery

Content, characteristics and function of mental images

Duration of Mentally Simulated Movement before and after a Golf Shot

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