Duration of Passive Immunity Part IV

Glenny, A. T.; Hopkins, Barbara E.

doi:10.1017/s0022172400008172

Cited by 23 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…A further development of Pasteur's strategy was the so-called "subunit" vaccine that contains only the antigenic determinants that are able to induce an effective immune response. This approach has been successfully applied to diphtheria and tetanus, two diseases caused by bacterial toxins (75).…”

Section: Modern Technologies and The Future Of Vaccines Against Amr Lmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccines Against Antimicrobial Resistance

Rosini¹,

Nicchi

Pizza³

et al. 2020

Front. Immunol.

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In the last century, life expectancy has increased considerably, thanks to the introduction of antibiotics, hygiene and vaccines that have contributed to the cure and prevention of many infectious diseases. The era of antimicrobial therapy started in the nineteenth century with the identification of chemical compounds with antimicrobial properties. However, immediately after the introduction of these novel drugs, microorganisms started to become resistant through different strategies. Although resistance mechanisms were already present before antibiotic introduction, their large-scale use and misuse have increased the number of resistant microorganisms. Rapid spreading of mobile elements by horizontal gene transfer such as plasmids and integrative conjugative elements (ICE) carrying multiple resistance genes has dramatically increased the worldwide prevalence of relevant multi drug-resistant human pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Enterobacteriaceae. Today, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains one of the major global concerns to be addressed and only global efforts could help in finding a solution. In terms of magnitude the economic impact of AMR is estimated to be comparable to that of climate global change in 2030. Although antibiotics continue to be essential to treat such infections, non-antibiotic therapies will play an important role in limiting the increase of antibiotic resistant microorganisms. Among non-antibiotic strategies, vaccines and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) play a strategic role. In this review, we will summarize the evolution and the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, and the impact of AMR on life expectancy and economics.

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Section: Modern Technologies and The Future Of Vaccines Against Amr Lmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccines Against Antimicrobial Resistance

Rosini¹,

Nicchi

Pizza³

et al. 2020

Front. Immunol.

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“…of a 5 % solution of crystalline egg albumin, but no determination beyond the fourth day is recorded. An antigen disappears more quickly from the circulation of an immunized than of a non-immune animal (Glenny & Hopkins, 1922, 1923Opie, 1923b;Culbertson, 1935). In most experiments reported by these workers, injected antigen disappeared from the circulation of immune animals within 2 or 3 days and was never detectable in the serum of well-immunized animals unless large doses were given.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The formation of precipitates on mixing anti-horse sera

Naylor

1950

J. Hyg.

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INTRODUCTIONIt has been known for many years that a precipitate occasionally appears when two homologous antisera are mixed. If two rabbits be immunized with horse serum, by a similar series of injections, the antisera so produced will precipitate when mixed with suitable dilutions of horse serum, and a mixture of the two antisera will also occasionally develop a precipitate. Several possible suggestions have been put forward to account for this 'mutual' precipitation of antisera. Some workers think that one or both of the rabbit anti-horse sera contain remnants of horse serum, and that for some reason homologous antigen and antibody may co-exist side by side in the same antiserum without undergoing precipitation, whereas others think that horse serum is a mixture of antigens and that an antihorse serum may contain some of the antigenic components of the injected horse serum together with antibodies for other antigens of horse serum, but not homologous antigen and antibody. Consequently such an anti-horse serum will give a precipitate on mixing with horse serum, and a precipitate will also result when this antiserum containing antigenic components of horse serum is mixed with another anti-horse serum containing antibodies for these particular antigens.The experiments which help to elucidate this problem may be grouped into two categories. In the first category there is a series of experiments designed to investigate the equilibrium of precipitation reactions. In these experiments precipitinogen and precipitin have been mixed in various proportions and, after the formation of a precipitate, the supernatant fluid has been examined for the presence of antigen by adding antiserum and for the presence of antibody by adding antigen. The second category of experiments is concerned with searches for antigen in the blood of animals which have received injections of an antigen. In this case an animal, which has previously been immunized with an antigen, receives an inj ection of thesame antigen and, at varying intervals following the injection, samples of blood are withdrawn and the sera tested for precipitins by mixing with antigen, and for antigen by mixing with the serum of the same animal obtained before the test injection or with the serum of another animal similarly immunized.Linossier & Lemoine (1902) investigated the equilibrium of precipitation reactions using various animal sera (horse, human and bovine) as antigens, and concluded that when antigen and antiserum were mixed in various proportions there were three zones. At one end of the scale the supernatant fluid contained antigen, at the other end antibody and, in a broad intermediate zone, both antigen and antibody could be demonstrated in the supernatant fluid. They exDlained their results on a chemical basis, postulating that for complete preThe formation of precipitates on mixing anti-horse sera cipitation of one reagent, the other must be added in great excess. Eisenberg (1902) obtained similar results and also explained the phenomenon on the basis of an ...

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“…A further breakthrough in vaccine development occurred in 1923 with the observation by Glenny and Hopkins [17] that diphtheria toxoids induce a vastly greater anti-toxin (antibody) response when injected together with aluminum sulfate or potash, as compared to the unaccompanied toxins. The authors postulated that this was due to the slow release of the antigen into the tissue, thereby providing prolonged stimulation of immunocompetent cells [18].…”

Section: Genetic Engineeringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications of immunochemistry in human health: advances in vaccinology and antibody design (IUPAC Technical Report)

Klein

Templeton

Schwenk

2014

Pure and Applied Chemistry

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This report discusses the history and mechanisms of vaccination of humans as well as the engineering of therapeutic antibodies. Deeper understanding of the molecular interactions involved in both acquired and innate immunity is allowing sophistication in design of modified and even synthetic vaccines. Recombinant DNA technologies are facilitating development of DNA-based vaccines, for example, with the recognition that unmethylated CpG sequences in plasmid DNA will target Toll-like receptors on antigen-presenting cells. Formulations of DNA vaccines with increased immunogenicity include engineering into plasmids with "genetic adjuvant" capability, incorporation into polymeric or magnetic nanoparticles, and formulation with cationic polymers and other polymeric and non-polymeric coatings. Newer methods of delivery, such as particle bombardment, DNA tattooing, electroporation, and magnetic delivery, are also improving the effectiveness of DNA vaccines. RNA-based vaccines and reverse vaccinology based on gene sequencing and bioinformatic approaches are also considered. Structural vaccinology is an approach in which the detailed molecular structure of viral epitopes is used to design synthetic antigenic peptides. Virus-like particles are being designed for vaccine deliveries that are based on structures of viral capsid proteins and other synthetic lipopeptide building blocks. A new generation of adjuvants is being developed to further enhance immunogenicity, based on squalene and other oil-water emulsions, saponins, muramyl dipeptide, immunostimulatory oligonucleotides, Toll-like receptor ligands, and lymphotoxins. Finally, current trends in engineering of therapeutic antibodies including improvements of antigen-binding properties, pharmacokinetic and pharmaceutical properties, and reduction of immunogenicity are discussed. Taken together, understanding the chemistry of vaccine design, delivery and immunostimulation, and knowledge of the techniques of antibody design are allowing targeted development for the treatment of chronic disorders characterized by continuing activation of the immune system, such as autoimmune disorders, cancer, or allergies that have long been refractory to conventional approaches.

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Duration of Passive Immunity Part IV

Cited by 23 publications

References 0 publications

Vaccines Against Antimicrobial Resistance

Vaccines Against Antimicrobial Resistance

The formation of precipitates on mixing anti-horse sera

Applications of immunochemistry in human health: advances in vaccinology and antibody design (IUPAC Technical Report)

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