Durability Properties of Piezoelectric Stack Actuator

Abstract

Quantum vacuum experiments are becoming a flexible tool for investigating fundamental physics. They are particularly powerful in searching for new light but weakly interacting degrees of freedom and are thus complementary to accelerator-driven experiments. I review recent developments in this field, focusing on optical experiments in strong electromagnetic fields. In order to characterize potential optical signatures, I discuss various low-energy effective actions which parameterize the interaction of particle-physics candidates with optical photons and external electromagnetic fields. Experiments with an electromagnetized quantum vacuum and optical probes do not only have the potential to collect evidence for new physics, but special-purpose setups can also distinguish between different particle-physics scenarios and extract information about underlying microscopic properties.

Improvement in Durability of Piezoelectric Stack Actuator.

“…No cracks were observed on the surface of negative electrode. It is considered that the crack occurred at the edge of positive side of pellet due to maximum tensile stress Takenobu SAKAI Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan 107 [5] Figure 6 shows the X (002) and (200) Fig. 6.…”

Prediction of high temperature behavior of ferroelectric ceramics with state dependent thermal moduli

“…4) However, all these studies are limited to room temperature only. As reported by Sakai and Kawamoto, 5) a piezoelectric stack actuator was heated more than 75°C while it was operated at 130 Hz driving frequency at a surrounding temperature of 120°C. This implies the importance of investigating the high temperature behavior of the materials and developing the constitutive equations effective at high temperatures.…”

Dispersion of Switching Processes in Ferroelectric Ceramics

“…They are related to the motion of domain walls including dielectric, elastic, and electromechanical hysteresis losses [3]. As a result of the losses significant undesirable selfheating comes into existence [9,14,15].…”