Dual Purpose Plants

Aschner, F.S.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-656701-4.50011-5

Cited by 4 publications

References 4 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

Water, Supply and Desalination

Lior

Bakish

2000

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Of the surface of the earth, 71% ( 3.60 × 10 8 km 2 ) is covered by oceans; their average depth is 6 km and their volume is 8.54 × 10 8 km 3 . Unfortunately, this huge quantity of water is not suitable for very many human uses. Water with over 1000 ppm (parts per million by weight, or mg/L) salt is usually considered unfit for human consumption, and water with over 500 ppm is considered undesirable, but in some parts of the world, people and land animals are forced to survive with much higher concentrations of salts, sometimes of over 2500 ppm.Freshwater with less than 500 ppm (or 0.05%) dissolved solids is generally considered to be potable. Rain is the source of freshwater, and its precipitation of >1.3 × 10 12 m 3 /d over the earth's surface averages about 1.05 m (depth) per year. Extremes range from almost zero in North Chile's desert bordering the Pacific Coast to > 25.4 m in some tropical forests and on some high slopes where the high, cold mountains condense floods from the clouds.Even rain is not pure water. Reports from the U.S. Geological Survey show that it contains 2.3-4.6 ppm of solids, or a yearly precipitation of 2.5-5 t/km 2 . Recently (ca 1997), work conducted in the United States and Europe has underscored the rather dangerous results of increased use of fossil fuels, where the SO x and NO x emissions that end up in the rain lower its pH from 5.6 (slightly acidic) for uncontaminated rain, to

show abstract

Water, Supply and Desalination

Lior

Bakish

2000

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Water Desalination

Wilf¹

2007

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This article addresses water availability and use with special emphasis on the role and current level of technology of water desalination. The major desalination processes, using membranes or distillation, are described. These are multistage flash evaporation (MSF), multi‐effect distillation (ME), vapor compression distillation (VC), freeze–desalination, reverse osmosis (RO), and electrodialysis (ED). Within the membrane processes category important features of major applications: nanofiltration, brackish RO, wastewater reclamation and seawater desalination are discussed. Description of desalination hybrid systems and key references are provided. The use of renewable energy for water desalination by solar stills, ocean–thermal energy conversion plants, wind, and photovoltaic cells is presented. Two of the key technical problems in desalination, scale deposition and prevention, and corrosion and the proper choice of materials to be used for construction of desalination system, are discussed. Basic equations are provided for the evaluation and preliminary design of MSF and RO, which are currently the leading water desalination processes. The leading professional and governmental organizations involved with desalination, and their activities, are described.

show abstract

Technoeconomics of power/desalting cogeneration plants in Kuwait — A preliminary study

Al-Zubaidi

1989

Desalination

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Dual Purpose Plants

Cited by 4 publications

References 4 publications

Water, Supply and Desalination

Water, Supply and Desalination

Water Desalination

Technoeconomics of power/desalting cogeneration plants in Kuwait — A preliminary study

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About