Dual-Mode Colorimetric Sensor Based on Ultrathin Resonating Facilitator Capable of Nanometer-Thick Virus Detection for Environment Monitoring

Abstract

Endowed structural colors in some living organisms provide inspiration for alterable colors depending on the surrounding environment. Although many structural designs for surrounding sensitive colors for various analytes have been introduced, practical applications in a variety of environments require a unified design that can cover the key optical influences of external environmental changes. A bimodal approach to colorimetric sensor design for optimization on different environmental stimuli is presented, based on a single platform composed of a highly lossy medium and a metal. A dual-mode colorimetric facilitator (DMCF) is optimally designed on the basis of the spectral response for each mode depending on the refractive index and thickness, which are optical key elements of changes in the surrounding environment. DMCFs with aqueous solutions and oxide layers are experimentally verified for different refractive indices and thicknesses in nanometer scale. As a biomaterial application, minute in nanometer-thick changes of the virus coated on DMCF are distinguished by color differences. For intuitive recognition of environmental change, the colorimetric indicator is designed as a separate insensitive/sensitive area to reveal hidden patterns beyond a certain thickness of the coated virus in nanometer thick. For scalability/flexibility, a large-area flexible sample is also fabricated on a wafer scale.

A review of tunable photonics: Optically active materials and applications from visible to terahertz

“…Several strategies for high color purities and design rules have been successfully demonstrated based on the photonic crystals, plasmonic nanostructure, and thin-film interferometer ( Jung et al., 2022 ; Kim et al., 2019a , 2019b ; Ko et al., 2022 ; Lee et al., 2022 ). The resonance wavelength and the associated plasmonic color are determined by parameters including structural dimension ( Kim et al., 2020c ), optical constant ( Ko et al., 2020 ), surrounding medium ( Yoo et al., 2020b ), and arrangement of photonic structure ( Fu et al., 2018 ).…”

Self-assembly of POSS–Polystyrene Bottlebrush Block Copolymers on an Angle-Robust Selective Absorber for Enhancing the Purity of Reflective Structural Color

“…The color purity was heavily impacted by the long-range order and macroscopic orientation of the nanostructure, and the nanostructures were mediated by controlling the composition and segregation strength of the side chains. − ,− Despite the successes achieved in full color-displayed PCs via self-assembly of the BBCP, to date, there are no reports on the effect of optical substrates on the self-assembly and optical properties of BBCP-based PCs. The addition of highly absorbing dopants can compensate for the degraded color saturation and low reflectance of BBCP-based 1D PCs, and it is involved in modulating photonic band gaps and increasing the refractive index contrast. − However, a combinational process with an absorbing dopant and a BBCP-based PC has been unexplored.…”

Programmable self-assembly of M13 bacteriophage for micro-color pattern with a tunable colorization

“…6 These unique characteristics have prompted researchers to evaluate the use of M13 phages as a primary building block in self-assembly processes. [7][8][9] The M13 phage has been used successfully in sensors, [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] solar cells, 18,19 piezoelectric devices, 9,20,21 tissue regeneration, 4,7,22 and batteries. [23][24][25] M13 phage-based colorimetric sensors have attracted considerable attention because of their high sensitivity and selectivity.…”

“…[23][24][25] M13 phage-based colorimetric sensors have attracted considerable attention because of their high sensitivity and selectivity. 11,12,17 Previously, the M13 bacteriophage lms were applied to color sensors using a vertical pulling system to produce desired colored gaps depending on the pulling rate to change the diameter of the virus bundles. 10 Recent approaches have applied self-assembly technologies using a spin coating method for phage-based colorimetric sensors to improve the sensing characteristics, such as sensitivity and selectivity at a large scale.…”

“… 10 Recent approaches have applied self-assembly technologies using a spin coating method for phage-based colorimetric sensors to improve the sensing characteristics, such as sensitivity and selectivity at a large scale. 11,12 On the other hand, these methods have been limited in self-assembled M13 bacteriophage at a micro-pattering scale. Hence, the accurate, straightforward, and low-cost fabrication of high crystallinity nanostructures for micro-patterning is still challenging.…”