Dual-Functional Template-Induced In Situ Polymerization Process Enables the Hierarchical Carbonaceous Nanotubes with Simultaneous Sn Cluster Incorporation and Nitrogen-Doping for Superior Potassium-Ion Storage

Abstract

Potassium ion-based energy storage devices have received extensive attention for grid-level applications due to their abundant natural resources and low cost. However, the large ionic radius of K + leads to inferior capacities and cyclic stability, which hinders their practical application. Herein, hierarchical carbonaceous nanotubes with simultaneous ultrasmall Sn cluster incorporation and nitrogen doping (denoted as u-Sn@NCNTs) are fabricated using MnO 2 nanowires as a dual-functional template (in situ polymerization and shape-directing agents) and subsequent carbonization treatment. The u-Sn@ NCNTs exhibit a superior K + storage capability with a high reversible capacity (220.1 mA h g −1 at 0.1 A g −1 ) and long cycling stability (149.9 mA h g −1 at 1 A g −1 after 4000 cycles). Besides, the u-Sn@NCNTs exhibit superior cycling stability up to 10000 cycles at 5 A g −1 for Na + storage. The potassium storage mechanism and kinetics are investigated based on ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, in situ Raman spectrum, and galvanostatic intermittent titration technique. More importantly, u-Sn@NCNTs can be used as the anode for potassium ion hybrid capacitors, achieving a superior energy density of 181.4 W h kg −1 at a power density of 185 W kg −1 with excellent cycling capability. This work could push forward the development and application of carbonaceous-based anode materials for next-generation high-performance rechargeable batteries.

Anchoring Carbon-Coated CoSe Nanoparticles on Hollow Carbon Nanocapsules for Efficient Potassium Storage

“…Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) are regarded as one of the most promising candidates to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for large-scale energy storage owing to the abundant resource, greater accessibility, and less cost. − Simultaneously, it has been suggested that potassium has a standard redox potential (−2.94 V) similar to that of lithium (−3.04 V). − However, the orthodox anode materials for LIBs are unbefitting for PIBs due to the inevitable issues induced by the larger ionic radius of K + (1.38 Å), such as the sluggish transport kinetics in the electrode materials and the fragile structures, impeding the mass production of PIBs. − In order to fulfill the requirements of practical application, it is necessary to find suitable electrode materials for PIBs.…”

Rational Design of Unique MoSe2–Carbon Nanobowl Particles Endows Superior Alkali Metal-Ion Storage Beyond Lithium

“…Considering the feasibility of the MoSe 2 ⊂CNB electrode, a KIHC device composed of an MoSe 2 ⊂CNB anode and a commercial AC cathode is assembled (Figure A). Upon charging, K + is inserted into the MoSe 2 ⊂CNB anode, while KFSI – is absorbed on the surface of the AC cathode . Then, during the discharge process, the reaction experiences an opposite process.…”

Recent Advances and Perspectives of Battery-Type Anode Materials for Potassium Ion Storage

“…Electroactive Sn, together with the heteroatom doping of carbonaceous materials, is expected to further enhance the electrochemical properties. Li et al 150 designed a Sn cluster@NC tube via a template-induced in situ polymerization process, which exhibited high cycling stability with 149.9 mAh g −1 at 1 A g −1 after 4000 cycles. Very recently, Ju et al 151 reported Sn@rGO as an anode, which was fabricated via freeze-drying and calcination.…”