Recent Advances and Perspectives of Battery-Type Anode Materials for Potassium Ion Storage

Abstract

Potassium ion energy storage devices are competitive candidates for grid-scale energy storage applications owing to the abundancy and cost-effectiveness of potassium (K) resources, the low standard redox potential of K/K+, and the high ionic conductivity in K-salt-containing electrolytes. However, the sluggish reaction dynamics and poor structural instability of battery-type anodes caused by the insertion/extraction of large K+ ions inhibit the full potential of K ion energy storage systems. Extensive efforts have been devoted to the exploration of promising anode materials. This Review begins with a brief introduction of the operation principles and performance indicators of typical K ion energy storage systems and significant advances in different types of battery-type anode materials, including intercalation-, mixed surface-capacitive-/intercalation-, conversion-, alloy-, mixed conversion-/alloy-, and organic-type materials. Subsequently, host–guest relationships are discussed in correlation with the electrochemical properties, underlying mechanisms, and critical issues faced by each type of anode material concerning their implementation in K ion energy storage systems. Several promising optimization strategies to improve the K+ storage performance are highlighted. Finally, perspectives on future trends are provided, which are aimed at accelerating the development of K ion energy storage systems.

Recent Advances in Layered Metal‐Oxide Cathodes for Application in Potassium‐Ion Batteries

“…Reproduced with permission. [ 122 ] Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society. b) Schematic illustration of a KIC fabricated with a battery‐type K 0.45 Mn 0.5 Co 0.5 O 2 cathode and AC anode.…”

“…Such materials include carbon‐based materials, metal oxides, metal chalcogenides, MXenes and organic materials that follow different storage mechanisms such as intercalation, conversion, and alloying ( Figure 14 a ). [ 122 , 123 ] Conversely, carbon‐based capacitor‐type cathodes are extensively studied, but literature reports on the battery‐type cathodes for KIC are rare, perhaps because potassium‐ion storage systems are in an early development stage and suitable battery‐type cathodes have not yet been explored. [ 124 ] Although the anode materials exhibit superior capacities, they must be combined with suitable cathode materials to achieve high energy and power density devices.…”

Lignin as Polymer Electrolyte Precursor for Stable and Sustainable Potassium Batteries

“…Sodium and potassium are more abundant alkali metals (2.3 and 1.5 wt% in the Earth crust, respectively) and can potentially replace lithium in rocking chair batteries, at least for the aforementioned stationary applications; indeed, in these cases battery size is not relevant, while the investment cost becomes a primary target [16–18] . In addition, sodium and potassium can be used in combination with light and cheap aluminum as current collector (instead of copper), since they do not alloy with this metal during the charge‐discharge process [19,20,21] . Potassium offers peculiar advantages with respect to sodium.…”

“…[16][17][18] In addition, sodium and potassium can be used in combination with light and cheap aluminum as current collector (instead of copper), since they do not alloy with this metal during the charge-discharge process. [19,20,21] Potassium offers peculiar advantages with respect to sodium. For example, it shows a more negative redox potential (À 2.936 V vs. SHE), being rather close to that of lithium (À 3.040 V vs. SHE).…”

The LiTFSI/COFs Fiber as Separator Coating with Bifunction of Inhibition of Lithium Dendrite and Shuttle Effect for Li-SeS2 Battery

“…With the rapid development of portable electronic devices and electric vehicles, it has been difficult to meet their needs with traditional lithium-ion batteries; developing a new-generation energy storage system with high energy density is therefore crucial [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Due to the high theoretical specific capacity and low electrode potential of lithium metal anode, lithium metal batteries are regarded as the next generation of highly specific energy secondary batteries, such as lithium-air batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, lithium-selenium disulfide (Li-SeS 2 ) batteries, etc.…”