Dual drug delivery platforms for bone tissue engineering

Abstract

The dual delivery platforms used in bone tissue engineering provide supplementary bioactive compounds that include distinct medicines and growth factors thereby aiding enhanced bone regeneration. The delivery of these compounds can be adjusted for a short or prolonged time based on the requirement by altering various parameters of the carrier platform. The platforms thus used are fabricated to mimic the niche of the bone microenvironment, either in the form of porous 3D structures, microspheres, or films. Thus, this review article focuses on the concept of dual drug delivery platform and its importance, classification of various platforms for dual drug delivery specific to bone tissue engineering, and finally highlights the foresight into the future direction of these techniques for better clinical applications.

Statins—Their Role in Bone Tissue Metabolism and Local Applications with Different Carriers

“…Therefore, the direct administration of statins to bone tissue allows for a reduction in dosage compared to systemic administration [56]. Additionally, the carrier for intraosseous drug delivery can provide a matrix for the infiltration of mesenchymal cells and often serves as a filling material for bone defects [57,58]. It is essential to emphasize that the optimal carrier should exhibit appropriate degradation rates to ensure the proper growth of newly formed bone tissue while preventing the formation of fibrous tissue and fibrous encapsulation of the carrier.…”

“…It is essential to emphasize that the optimal carrier should exhibit appropriate degradation rates to ensure the proper growth of newly formed bone tissue while preventing the formation of fibrous tissue and fibrous encapsulation of the carrier. The local administration of statins can effectively reduce the risk of adverse effects, primarily myopathy characterized by muscle pain and weakness, the elevation of creatine kinase (CK) levels in the serum, and, in extreme cases, rhabdomyolysis, which is a life-threatening condition [57,58].…”

Fabrication of k-Carrageenan/Alginate/Carboxymethyl Cellulose basedScaffolds via 3D Printing for Potential Biomedical Applications

“…It forms gels under light conditions at room temperature with divalent cations, mostly with Ca 2+ , and also by interacting with cells or creating polyelectrolyte complexes (PE) [ 28 ] to strengthen stability of the alginate hydrogel, to enhance cell adhesion and the rheological and mechanical properties of the 3D printed structure [ 20 , 25 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. To this end, Alg was mixed with gelatin [ 20 , 32 ], collagen [ 3 ], carboxymethyl chitosan [ 33 ], k-carrageenan [ 34 ], cell adhesion ligands [ 31 ], methyl cellulose [ 14 ], nanoparticle-based systems and some additives like hydroxyapatite, silica and gel- and film-based materials [ 31 , 35 ]. Also, a ternary mixture composed of alginate/chitosan and nano hydroxyapatite was formulated by Ali Sadeghianmaryan [ 36 ] to reinforce the hydrogel scaffolds for applications in cartridge regeneration due to its increased mechanical and biological features.…”

Biphasic Calcium Phosphate and Activated Carbon Microparticles in a Plasma Clot for Bone Reconstruction and In Situ Drug Delivery: A Feasibility Study

“…Bone defects are frequently associated with other pathological situations such as infection or malignancy. In such cases, the ideal treatment should be to fill the defect with a biomaterial that can induce bone reconstruction and control the associated pathology [1,2]. Synthetic biomaterials appear to be the most suitable grafting materials for combining these properties.…”