Dual Cognitive Tasks Provoke Temporo-Spatial Gait and Anticipatory Postural Adjustments in Healthy Young Adults

Abstract

Usually, dual cognitive tasks require additional attention to maintain postural control during standing and walking. In certain pathologies or injuries, dual cognitive tasks, such as walking and speaking, can challenge the balance system, making certain gait deficiencies more apparent. The issue is identifying normal gait changes compared to gait impairments to understand better the impact cognitive tasks have on gait mechanics. Purpose: To identify changes in temporospatial gait parameters in healthy young adults while walking and performing a cognitive task. Methods: Thirty-four healthy young adults participated in this study. We collected gait parameters with six gyroscopes and accelerometers (distributed on all limbs and trunk) during the 7-meter walk test. Two trials were performed with just walking at a self-selected pace (single task). Then, the participant was asked to perform a cognitive task by counting backward by three from 100 while walking for 7m for two more trials (dual cognitive task). Results: Dual cognitive tasks provoked significant adaptations (p<.05) in gait parameters, such as increased double limb support time and stance phase with a reduction in single limb support time and swing phase. Increase the length of the walking cycle by decreasing the cadence and speed of walking speed. In addition, an increase in mediolateral postural sway, first-step initiation time, and trunk range of motion was observed. Conclusion: Dual cognitive tasks can cause normal alterations in the gait's dynamic component and variations in walking initiation. We recommend studying neuromuscular modification, such as changes in muscle activation, during dual cognitive tasks.Contribution/Originality: The paper's primary contribution is finding gait and postural adaptations to dual cognitive tasks in healthy young adults. Specifically, this study identified anticipatory postural adaptations that could be used as a foundation to assess and create treatment interventions in those with balance impairments.

Greater Effect of Auditory Stimuli Than Visual Stimuli on Anticipatory Postural Adjustments Increase

“…Previous studies have shown that muscle activation for APAs is related to the primary motor cortex, supplementary motor areas, basal ganglia, and spinal cord (5). Many factors such as the type of perturbation created, the person's level, the static and dynamic conditions, virtual reality, dual cognitive tasks, and attention affect APAs (6)(7)(8). On the other hand, research has shown that stimulus-driven attention modulates the onset of APA (2,6).…”