“…Ru(II) based sensitizers generally consist of a central metal ion with ancillary group , (e.g., bipyridines, terpyridines, or polypyridines and substituents such as alkyl, aryl heterocycle, carboxylate, etc. ), ligands , (e.g., monodentate (pyrazole, CN, and NCS), and bidentate (cyclometalated and noncyclometalated), and at least one anchoring group , (phosphonate and carboxylate). At the beginning of the DSSC fabrication, Ru based sensitizers were the most reliable and widely used sensitizers due to their more economical synthesis process and easy tailoring in the position of ligands and ancillary groups, possessing several oxidation states of Ru from I to IV, showing excellent solubility on several organic solvent and stability compared to other dyes (such as natural dye).…”