Dry eyes in patients with diabetes mellitus

Freitas, Gabriela Roncholeta de Freitas; Ferraz, Giovana Aparecida Moura; Gehlen, Marcelo; Skare, Thelma L.

doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2020.01.011

Cited by 20 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Patients with DM complicated by pruritus usually show generalized or localized pruritus without primary skin damage, or secondary skin damage such as scratch marks, crusts, pigmentation and eczema-like changes after scratching ( 6 , 7 ). Diabetic pruritus (DP) is often worse at night, which not only affects the quality of life and sleep, but also causes psychological and mental abnormalities such as irritability, anxiety and depression due to the unbearable itching symptoms ( 8 , 9 ). Although pruritus in DM patients is not a direct threat to patients' lives, it has a serious impact on patient's quality of life and physical and mental health, reduces patients' compliance with treatment and is detrimental to the control of their condition, thus increasing their long-term mortality ( 10 , 11 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Major Risk Factors Analysis of Pruritus Complicated by Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and the Effect of Comprehensive Nursing Intervention

Yang

Chen

et al. 2022

Front. Surg.

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ObjectiveTo observe the main risk factors for pruritic skin evidence complicating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the effectiveness of interventions with comprehensive care measures.MethodsTwo hundred and twenty four patients with T2DM admitted to our hospital from June 2020 to November 2021 were selected and divided into Diabetic pruritus group (DP group, n = 71) and T2DM group (n = 153) according to the patients' complications of pruritus. General information such as gender, age, body mass index (BMI), duration of illness, family history, treatment modalities, other comorbidities, underlying illnesses were collected from all patients. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), renal function [Serum creatinine (Scr), urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid (BUA)], lipid levels [total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)] were measured in all patients on day 2 after admission. Risk factors for pruritus complicating T2DM were identified by single multifactorial analysis. Meanwhile, patients in the DP group were divided into group A (n = 35) and group B (n = 36) using the random number table method. Group A adopted the conventional care mode and group B patients adopted the comprehensive care interventions to compare the care effects [visual analog score (VAS) before and after care, treatment efficiency, care satisfaction rate] of patients in groups A and B; the levels of pruritus mediator indicators [substance P,β-endorphin (β-EP) and γ-interferon (INF-γ)] before and after care.ResultsRisk factors for pruritus in T2DM were age, duration of DM, combined Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), combined diabetic retinopathy (DR), combined diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and serum FPG levels (P <0.05). Satisfaction rate of nursing care, treatment efficiency, post-care improvement in VAS scores, serum substance P, β-EP and INF-γ levels and other mediators of pruritus were better in Group B with integrated nursing intervention than in group A with conventional care only (P < 0.05).ConclusionPruritus in T2DM is associated with age, duration of DM, combined DPN, combined DR, combined DKD and FPG levels. Comprehensive care according to the above risk factors can effectively relieve patients' clinical symptoms and signs, improve the level of pruritus mediators and patient-care relationship.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Major Risk Factors Analysis of Pruritus Complicated by Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and the Effect of Comprehensive Nursing Intervention

Yang

Chen

et al. 2022

Front. Surg.

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“… 2 Studies have reported that people with diabetes mellitus (DM) tend to have a higher risk of developing DED. 3 It is considered that DM is one of the risk factors. 4 , 5 Our previous community-based studies found that the prevalence of DED among children with DM was higher than that in controls and that people with poor metabolic control were more likely to present with DED.…”

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confidence: 99%

Ocular Surface Microbiota in Diabetic Patients With Dry Eye Disease

Zhang

Zou²,

Xue

et al. 2021

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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Purpose To investigate the ocular surface (OS) commensal bacteria profiles of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and dry eye disease (DED). Methods In the present study, subjects were assigned to four groups: 37 to the diabetic mellitus with dry eye disease (DM with DED) group, 22 to the diabetes mellitus (DM)-only group, 34 to the dry eye disease (DED)-only group, and 22 to the control group. Tear fluid was collected using Schirmer's tear secretion test paper. 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene sequencing was used to analyze the bacterial microbiota. Results The DM with DED group showed the highest operational taxonomic unit (OTU) numbers and alpha diversity and the most different beta diversity. The groups shared the four most abundant phyla, accounting for over 96% of the total abundance. At the genus level, there were 10 types of overlap in the core microbiota in the groups. They showed significant differences between the groups. Additionally, the DM with DED group and the control group showed four unique core genera, respectively. Unclassified Clostridiales and Lactobacillus were the core microbiota members of the DM with DED group, the DM-only group, and the DED-only group, but not the control group. Conclusions In the present study, our results showed that the patients in the DM with DED group had a more complex and comprehensive ocular surface microbial composition. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to reveal the microbial profile of dry eye disease in patients with diabetes mellitus.

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“…ii. Diabetes: It is evident from the research reports that diabetes mellitus has been studied as a risk factor for dry eye [82][83][84]. The prevalence of dry eye symptoms was evident in 18.1% of diabetics compared to 14.1% of non-diabetics in the Beaver Dam study [83,84].…”

Section: Reflex Hyposecretion 21241 Reflex Sensory Blockmentioning

confidence: 99%

Etiology of Dry Eye

Rao¹

2023

Recent Advances in Dry Eye Disease

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The scope of this chapter is to provide insights into the classification based on the significant factors causing dry eye. The etiological causes of dry eye have been classified broadly into two primary arms. The first arm, aqueous deficient dry eye (ADDE), illustrates malfunction of normal lacrimal secretion causing tear hyposecretion. ADDE is subdivided into Sjogren’s and the non-Sjogren’s syndrome. The former exclusively includes systemic autoimmune characteristics, while the latter comprises age-related disorders, genetic disorders, denervation in the lacrimal gland, and obstruction in tear secretion. The second arm, evaporative dry eye (EDE), explains the excessive loss of aqueous from the tear film despite the normal lacrimal secretion. Extrinsic EDE is with ocular surface pathology caused by vitamin A deficiency, contact lens wear, use of topical drugs with preservatives, and ocular surface diseases (allergic eye disease). The intrinsic EDE encompasses abnormalities in the meibomian lipid deficiency, low blink rate, and poor lid congruity. In brief, clinical tests to investigate the corneal epithelium integrity and the tear film have been discussed. This chapter aims to highlight the main etiologies of dry eye disease (DED) and current updates on techniques involved in diagnosing DED to help clinical practice.

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Dry eyes in patients with diabetes mellitus

Cited by 20 publications

References 17 publications

Major Risk Factors Analysis of Pruritus Complicated by Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and the Effect of Comprehensive Nursing Intervention

Major Risk Factors Analysis of Pruritus Complicated by Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and the Effect of Comprehensive Nursing Intervention

Ocular Surface Microbiota in Diabetic Patients With Dry Eye Disease

Etiology of Dry Eye

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