Dry box training with three‐dimensional vision for the assistant surgeon in robot‐assisted urological surgery

Abstract

Abstract:We analyzed whether three-dimensional vision, practice or previous laparoscopic experience improves the surgical performance of the bedside assistant during robot-assisted surgery. Six experienced laparoscopic surgeons and 15 novices carried out three skills drills imitating an assistant's maneuvers in robot-assisted surgery, and times for completing the tasks were recorded. Both the novice and experienced groups showed significantly shorter manipulation times for each drill with three-dimensional vision compared with two-dimensional or glassless three-dimensional vision. The experienced group showed significantly shorter manipulation times than the novice group for all types of vision. A significant improvement was observed 14 out of 18 times in the novice group, but only one out of 18 times in the experienced group. We can conclude that the use of three-dimensional visualization facilitates the performance of the assistant surgeon, especially if a novice, during robot-assisted surgery. Laparoscopic experience also improves the performance, whereas training is beneficial for novice assistant surgeons before carrying out actual operations.

Comparative Study of the Influence of Three-Dimensional Versus Two-Dimensional Urological Laparoscopy on Surgeons' Surgical Performance and Ergonomics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…33 In addition, other studies used the 3D vision system implemented in the da Vinci Surgical System (Intuitive Surgical, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA). [34][35][36] Task time…”

Implementing assessments of robot‐assisted technical skill in urological education: a systematic review and synthesis of the validity evidence

“…In addition to these GRS assessments, studies used weighted combinations of time and error (similar to the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery ) and ‘end‐product’ scores to assess technical performance.…”

“…In addition to these GRS assessments, studies used weighted combinations of time and error [45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57] (similar to the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery [58]) and 'endproduct' scores [47,55,56,59] to assess technical performance. Table 2 outlines the commercially available simulation platforms and scoring metrics for RAS with literature supporting their use in training urologists.…”

Face, content, and construct validity of the EndoViS training system for objective assessment of psychomotor skills of laparoscopic surgeons

“…These simulators have become in effective means for acquiring, training, and maintaining of psychomotor skills, which may be transferable to the operating room environment [8][9][10][11]. In the literature, there are several laparoscopic surgical simulators available for training laparoscopic skills, classified as laparoscopic box trainers [12][13][14][15], virtual reality (VR) simulators [16][17][18][19], and augmented reality (AR) simulators [20][21][22][23].…”