Drugs obtained by biotechnology processing

Abstract

In recent years, the number of drugs of biotechnological origin available for many different diseases has increased exponentially, including different types of cancer, diabetes mellitus, infectious diseases (e.g. AIDS Virus / HIV) as well as cardiovascular, neurological, respiratory, and autoimmune diseases, among others. The pharmaceutical industry has used different technologies to obtain new and promising active ingredients, as exemplified by the fermentation technique, recombinant DNA technique and the hybridoma technique. The expiry of the patents of the first drugs of biotechnological origin and the consequent emergence of biosimilar products, have posed various questions to health authorities worldwide regarding the definition, framework, and requirements for authorization to market such products.<br>Nos últimos anos, tem aumentado exponencialmente o número de fármacos de origem biotecnológica ao dispor das mais diversas patologias, entre elas destacam-se, os diferentes tipos de cancêr, as doenças infecciosas (ex. vírus AIDS/HIV), as doenças autoimunes, as doenças cardiovasculares, a Diabetes Mellitus, as doenças neurológicas, as doenças respiratórias, entre outras. A indústria farmacêutica tem recorrido a diferentes tecnologias para a obtenção de novos e promissores princípios ativos, como são exemplo a fermentação, a técnica de DNA Recombinante, a técnica de hidridoma, entre outras. A queda das patentes dos primeiros fármacos de origem biotecnológica e o consequente aparecimento dos produtos biossimilares têm colocado diferentes questões às autoridades de saúde mundiais, sobre a definição, enquadramento e exigências para a autorização de entrada no mercado deste tipo de produtos

CO2-responsive polymeric materials: synthesis, self-assembly, and functional applications

“…The major focus of his study was synthesizing CO 2responsive polymers by nitroxidemediated polymerization (NMP) in dispersed media. 46 Chitosan is another pH-responsive polymer. from a collapsed state to an extended state is reversible.…”

“…55 Chemo-responsive polymers are sensitive to chemical changes in the environment. 46 For example, Shi et al synthesized glucose-responsive micelles using the self-assembly of two block copolymers including poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)b-poly(aspartic acid-co-aspartamidophenylboronic acid) (PNI-PAM-b-P(Asp-co-AspPBA)) and poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(aspartic acid-co-aspartamidophenylboronic acid) (PEG-b-P(Asp-co-AspPBA)). 57 Some polymers are sensitive to glucose levels and have potential applications in the insulin delivery for the treatment of diabetes.…”

Radically new cellulose nanocomposite hydrogels: Temperature and pH responsive characters

“…A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 3 One of the main reasons for application of PNIPAm in biomedicine and biotechnology is its convenient volume phase transition temperature (VPTT) that is close to human body temperature [2,9,[12][13][14]. Taking into consideration the unique properties of pure, crosslinked PNIPAm, there are different approaches in expanding its potential use.…”

“…The use of stimuliresponsive polymers in the forms modified release of pharmaceutical dosage acquires many advantages, including the release and distribution of the drug in a specific target, thus reducing the side effects or adverse systemic reactions [7][8][9][10]. The ideal drug delivery system is the one in which the drug delivery profile is able to respond to metabolic states and/or physiological variations [3,10,11].…”

Transport properties of Chitosan-Amikacin films

“…Controlled drug delivery systems are known to be in high demand [1][2][3][4][5]. The aim of the present work is to study the regularities of the diffusion of water and a drug in polymer films and the possibilities of controlling the release of the drug.…”