Drugs impact on CYP-450 enzyme family: A pharmacogenetical study of response variation

Abstract

Pharmacogenetics is the study of genetic basis in the individual response to drugs. A thorough knowledge of this will lead to a future where tailor-made drugs, suiting an individual, can be used. Scandinavian countries have been known for wide usage of pharmacogenetics and the most widely used application is for genotyping CYP2D6 in treating psychiatric illness. The CYP-450 enzyme, a super family of microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes, is the most important of enzymes that catalyzes phase-I drug metabolism reaction. CYP2D6 is a member of this family and it has been most intensively studied and the best example of pharmacogenetics variation in drug metabolism. Neuro-transmitter and drug acting CNS viz. codeine, dextromethorphan, metoprolol and tryptyline etc. are well metabolized by this enzyme. Thus, CYP2D6 is one of the most important and responsible enzymes which regulates bioavailability and metabolism of drug. Presently 75 alleles of CYP2D6 have been described which are responsible for variance of metabolism and toxicity of drugs. Thus, by determining variance of CYP2D6 using molecular approaches viz., PCR, real-time PCR, DNA micro-array and molecular docking can determine the adverse effects, drug toxicity, bioavailability and therapeutic potential of new drug.

Simultaneous Estimation of Tramadol Hcl, Paracetamol and Domperidone in Pharmaceutical Formulation by Thin-Layer Chromatographic Densitometric Method

“…Thus the validated method was used for analysis of PCM, TMD and DMP in their combined tablets dosage form (Brand A and B) [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27].…”

“…Literature survey revealed that various analytical methods like spectrophotometric [3][4][5][6], HPLC [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14], GC [15] and HPTLC [16][17][18][19] have been reported for the determination of TMD, PCM and either individually or combination with some other drugs, but no HPTLC method was reported for simultaneous estimation of TMD and PCM and domperidol in combined dosage forms. Many methods [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] have been described in the literature for the determination of domperidol and pracetamol, individually. The analytical methods like HPLC [28] and HPTLC [29] for determination of domperidol and PCM in combined dosage form have been reported.…”

Structure–activity relationships and interindividual variability of drug responses: pharmacogenomics with antimicrobial drugs as a paradigm

“…45 For example, SULT1A1 polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of some cancers, such as breast cancer (especially in Asian patients), 46 gastric cancer, 47 tongue cancer in women, 48 and oral squamous cell carcinoma in Taiwanese patients with the H149Y haplotype. 49 CYP450s are critical in the stimulation of phase I drug metabolism 50 and detoxification as well as the elimination of common drugs. 51 CYP450 polymorphism can affect the efficacy and side effects of drugs.…”

A Simple Spectrophotometric Estimation of Tramadol Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Formulations

“…It is used to treat moderate to moderately severe pain and most types of neuralgia, including trigeminal neuralgia. Literature survey reveals that, several spectrophotometric method [1][2][3] TLC-densitometry 4 , UV spectrophotometric and HPLC-DAD RESEARCH ARTICLE methods 5 , HPLC method [6][7][8] High Performance thin layer chromatography-densitometry 9 , have been reported for the estimation of tramadol in pharmaceutical formulations. Few analytical methods were reported in literature for the determination of tramadol and other combination drugs which includes spectrophotometric method [10][11][12][13][14][15][16] , spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric method 17 .…”