Drug‐induced Movement Disorders in Children

Abstract

This article reviews the current state of knowledge of drug-induced movement disorders (DIMDs) in children. The objective is to aid clinicians who treat children with medications that may induce DIMDs, as well as specialists consulted on DIMDs. As with adults, the most common agents are dopaminergic and dopamine-blocking medications, and prescriptions for these agents have increased markedly in children. Unfortunately, most evidence-based reviews, including those from the Cochrane Collaboration cited here, have few systematic data to analyze. Many publications are small case series. This report attempts to provide useful information, with appropriate caution and discussion of the limitations of what we know.

Orofacial Dystonia and Other Oromandibular Movement Disorders

“…Shortly after the introduction of conventional neuroleptics, Frank Ayd in 1961, published a list of medications associated with various movement disorders, which he named druginduced extrapyramidal reactions [91]. Since then, various reports associated with the use of medications and drugs were described and probably remain an important source of adult and pediatric movement disorders [92][93][94][95].…”

Drug-Induced Disorders of the Nervous System

“…103 Other antipsychotic drugs as well as opiates, clonazepam, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, and fluoxetine have also been reported to cause tics. 103 Other antipsychotic drugs as well as opiates, clonazepam, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, and fluoxetine have also been reported to cause tics.…”

Common Movement Disorders in Children: Diagnosis, Pathogenesis and Management

“…Movement disorders in children can be caused by a variety of medications. Of particular importance are the side effects associated with antiepileptic drugs that can cause tremor, tics and chorea [17,49]. Stimulants can produce tics and less commonly chorea [49].…”

“…Of particular importance are the side effects associated with antiepileptic drugs that can cause tremor, tics and chorea [17,49]. Stimulants can produce tics and less commonly chorea [49]. Theophylline can induce tremor and to a lesser degree chorea [17,49].…”

“…Stimulants can produce tics and less commonly chorea [49]. Theophylline can induce tremor and to a lesser degree chorea [17,49].…”