Drug Discovery and Development for the Treatment of Echinococcosis, Caused by the Tapeworms
            <i>Echinococcus granulosus</i>
            and
            <i>Echinococcus multilocularis</i>

Hemphill, Andrew; Rufener, Reto; Ritler, Dominic; Dick, Luca; Lundström‐Stadelmann, Britta

doi:10.1002/9783527808656.ch10

Cited by 2 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 150 publications

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“…The incubation period may last between 5 and 20 years, and in most cases, it takes years for the disease to become symptomatic, and sometimes the cyst heals on its own. After years, due to its enlargement and pressure effect, the patient feels abdominal pain, loss of appetite, and a feeling of an abdominal mass [ 10 ]. Surgery is now the ideal technique and the first option of treatment for symptomatic patients [ 13 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Less than 2% of the reported cases are cysts in the brain, and other organs such as the spleen, muscle, and multi-organ disease of the liver and lung, or liver and spleen-lung and brain, have also been reported. Rarely, hydatid cysts have been reported in the heart, thyroid, breast, kidney, and soft tissue of the neck and vertebrae [ 9 , 10 , 11 ]. For the treatment of hydatidosis, surgery is still the preferred method and the first line of treatment in symptomatic patients [ 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Green Synthesis, Characterization, and Antiparasitic Effects of Gold Nanoparticles against Echinococcus granulosus Protoscoleces

Raziani¹,

Shakib

Rashidipour

et al. 2023

TropicalMed

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Echinococcosis, or hydatidosis, is one of the most important zoonotic diseases, which is initiated by the larval stage in the clasts of Echinococcus granulosus. For the treatment of hydatidosis, surgery is still the preferred method and the first line of treatment for symptomatic patients. Unfortunately, most of the scolicidal agents that are injected inside cysts during hydatid cyst surgery have side effects, including leaking out of the cyst and adverse effects on the living tissue of the host, such as necrosis of liver cells, which limits their use. This work was carried out to study the lethal effect of green synthesized gold nanoparticles (Au-NCs) against hydatid cyst protoscoleces. Au-NCs were green synthesized using the Saturja khuzestanica extract. Au-NCs were characterized by UV-visible absorbance assay, electron microscopy analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Scolicidal properties of Au-NCs (1–5 mg/mL) were studied against protoscoleces for 10–60 min. The effect of Au-NCs on the expression level of the caspase-3 gene as well as the ultrastructural examination was studied by real-time PCR and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The cytotoxicity of Au-NCs on hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) and normal embryonic kidney (HEK293) cell lines was also studied by the cell viability assay. The obtained Au-NCs are cubes and have an average size of 20–30 nm. The highest scolicidal efficacy was observed at 5 mg/mL with 100% mortality after 20 min of treatment for hydatid cyst protoscoleces. In ex vivo, Au-NCs required more incubation time, indicating more protoscolicidal effects. Au-NCs markedly upregulated the gene level of caspase-3 in protoscoleces; whereas they changed the ultra-structure of protoscoleces by weakening and disintegrating the cell wall, wrinkles, and protrusions due to the formation of blebs. We showed the effective in vitro and ex vivo scolicidal effects of Au-NCs against hydatid cyst protoscoleces by provoking the apoptosis process of caspase-3 activation and changing the ultrastructure of protoscoleces with no significant cytotoxicity against human normal cells. However, additional studies should be conducted to determine the possible harmful side effects and accurate efficacy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green Synthesis, Characterization, and Antiparasitic Effects of Gold Nanoparticles against Echinococcus granulosus Protoscoleces

Raziani¹,

Shakib

Rashidipour

et al. 2023

TropicalMed

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Thus, high dosages and repeated and/or long-term treatments are required to reach adequate systemic distribution, which expose patients to adverse side-effects and decrease their quality of life. Strategies to improve bioavailability have been pursued, and newly developed formulations of benzimidazoles were developed, such as ABZ complexes with phospholipid-based liposomes, or ABZ emulsions that exhibit increased absorption without increasing the toxicity (reviewed in Hemphill et al, 2014Hemphill et al, , 2019. Another and highly valuable strategy has been introduced by the paper by Vural et al (2020), which reports on the use of novel benzimidazole salt formulations and their use in experimentally induced CE in mice.…”

Section: Improving Treatments By Improving the Solubility Of Benzimidazolesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other natural products with significant antiprotoscolex activity are derived from endophytic Pestalotiopsis sp., from the circassian walnut Juglans regia, Myrtus communis L. essential oil and Nectaroscordum tripedale L. leaf extract. However, in all these studies, the corresponding active substances have not been determined (Hemphill et al, 2019;Lundström-Stadelmann et al, 2019).…”

Section: Natural Products For the Treatment Of Alveolar And Cystic Echinococcosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Drug repurposing has the potential to decrease the time that is required to reach the market and to reduce costs. In vitro, a variety of anti-cancer, anti-fungal and anti-protozoal drugs were efficacious against metacestodes of E. multilocularis and E. granulosus (Hemphill et al, 2019;Lundström-Stadelmann et al, 2019). A classic example of drug repurposing was reported by Fabbri et al (2019), by introducing the use of dichlorophen (DCP), a halogenated phenolic compound used as bactericide and fungicide in cosmetic product formulations.…”

Section: Drug Repurposing and Nano-encapsulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Echinococcus: the model cestode parasite

Hemphill

Lundstroem-Stadelmann

2021

Parasitology

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Cestodes are important endoparasitic organisms, some of which are responsible for serious zoonotic diseases. The most severe diseases are inflicted by the larval stages (metacestodes) of Echinococcus multilocularis and E. granulosus sensu lato (s. l.), which are the causative agents of alveolar (AE) and cystic echinococcosis (CE), respectively. Another member of the Taeniidae family, Taenia solium, has also a prominent role as the causative agent of cysticercosis, with a special importance for neurocysticercosis (NC). The adult-stages of these parasites colonialize the intestine of their definitive hosts, which are foxes and dogs for E. multilocularis, canines for E. granulosus and humans for T. solium. In the intestine of the definitive host, selfor cross-fertilization of adults leads to the production of eggs which contain a zygote, eventually forming a pre-larval stage (oncosphere), which is then accidentally ingested by an intermediate host. CE and AE have been historically considered as food-and water-borne infections, with more recent evidence also pointing to the importance of hand-to-mouth transmission, and they are ranked as the most important foodborne parasites worldwide (Tamarozzi et al. 2020;Torgerson et al. 2020). For Echinococcus spp. and T. solium, several mammalian species can be infected as intermediate hosts, including humans, which act as dead-end hosts for E. granulosus and E. multilocularis. Within their intermediate hosts, the parasite larvae are usually targeted to distinct compartments or organs, such as the liver in most cases for E. multilocularis infections or liver and lungs for E. granulosus. In the case of T. solium infections, the most serious consequences occur upon invasion of the central nervous system, which less commonly also can be caused by Echinococcus spp. There, development into the larval metacestode (Echinococccus spp.) or cysticercus (T. solium) stage takes place, which causes disease due to expansion, extensive proliferation and/or inflammatory reactions on part of the host. Besides Echinococcus spp. and Taenia spp., there are a number of other, albeit less prominent, cestodes that exhibit a considerable zoonotic potential. A more recently, identified cestode causing disease in humans was identified in human cases in North America, causing systemic infection of organs and blood vessels (Deplazes et al. 2019). Metacestodes exhibited molecular hallmarks that resembled, but were clearly distinct from, Vesteria mustelae. Vesteria mustelae parasitizes weasels and has not been demonstrated to be zoonotic, indicating that previously unrecognized human pathogenic cestodes species with still unknown potential animal hosts exist (Deplazes et al. 2019). Other species causing disease in humans include Hymenolepis and Dibothriocephalus, but also Bertiella, Dipylidium, Raillietina, Inermicapsifer and Mesocestoides. As indicated in a recently published review, the true clinical significance of these less prominent tapeworms is not well known, as they are often more difficult to iden...

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Drug Discovery and Development for the Treatment of Echinococcosis, Caused by the Tapeworms Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis

Cited by 2 publications

References 150 publications

Green Synthesis, Characterization, and Antiparasitic Effects of Gold Nanoparticles against Echinococcus granulosus Protoscoleces

Green Synthesis, Characterization, and Antiparasitic Effects of Gold Nanoparticles against Echinococcus granulosus Protoscoleces

Echinococcus: the model cestode parasite

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