Drug delivery system based on chronobiology—A review

Studies on Paliperidone in OROS Tablets: Extraction Procedure and Chromatographic Analysis

“…OROS tablets are nondisintegrating, osmotically driven tablets that release drugs over time using a delivery technology that usually uses polymers such as polyethylene oxide or poloxamer as critical excipients to achieve the desired drug release profile and functionality [33][34][35]. The active pharmaceutical is contained in a laserdrilled reservoir surrounded by a semipermeable membrane harboring a delivery orifice, the whole being formulated into a tablet [26,36]. Currently, paliperidone and other CNS drugs are administered by an osmotic-controlled release oral delivery system; these drugs include methylphenidate (methylphenidate ER, Concerta, Janssen-Ortho Inc.) and hydromorphone (OROS hydromorphone ER, Exalgo, ALZA Corporation) [37,38].…”

“…The extraction procedure was tested using two conditions: magnetic stirring and the use of an ultrasonic bath. In both cases, the osmotic system is forced to accelerate the release the drug, modifying the forces involved in the interaction between drug and polymer [26]. Various solvents were evaluated for their effect on the release of the drug.…”

“…Paliperidone remains absent from the pharmacopoeia to date. In a recent report, various stimuli, such as temperature, magnetic field, and ultrasound, have been described in relation to an action in polymer and interaction with the drug to release the drug [26]. Thus, the complexity involved in these osmotic pump delivery systems requires the establishment of reproducible conditions to guarantee reliable determination during assays.…”

Colon: a gateway for chronotherapeutic drug delivery systems

“…sleep pattern, metabolism, hormone production, physiological behavior, and so on. Chronobiology is based on the principle that the biological processes and functions in all existing creatures demonstrate predictable erraticism over time [5]. On the other hand, pharmaceutics deals with the technological aspects of dosage form designing and manufacturing in order to ensure the safety, efficacy and quality of medicaments.…”

“…which have been discussed elsewhere) [3,5,14]. This may be attributed to some of the facts such as lack of industrial applicability, scale-up difficulties, limited availability of resources (materials), and overall cost of dosage forms development.…”