Drought‐related secondary metabolites of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) leaves and their metabolomic quantitative trait loci

Abstract

SUMMARYDetermining the role of plant secondary metabolites in stress conditions is problematic due to the diversity of their structures and the complexity of their interdependence with different biological pathways. Correlation of metabolomic data with the genetic background provides essential information about the features of metabolites. LC-MS analysis of leaf metabolites from 100 barley recombinant inbred lines (RILs) revealed that 98 traits among 135 detected phenolic and terpenoid compounds significantly changed their level as a result of drought stress. Metabolites with similar patterns of change were grouped in modules, revealing differences among RILs and parental varieties at early and late stages of drought. The most significant changes in stress were observed for ferulic and sinapic acid derivatives as well as acylated glycosides of flavones. The tendency to accumulate methylated compounds was a major phenomenon in this set of samples. In addition, the polyamine derivatives hordatines as well as terpenoid blumenol C derivatives were observed to be drought related. The correlation of drought-related compounds with molecular marker polymorphisms resulted in the definition of metabolomic quantitative trait loci in the genomic regions of singlenucleotide polymorphism 3101-111 and simple sequence repeat Bmag0692 with multiple linkages to metabolites. The associations pointed to genes related to the defence response and response to cold, heat and oxidative stress, but not to genes related to biosynthesis of the compounds. We postulate that the significant metabolites have a role as antioxidants, regulators of gene expression and modulators of protein function in barley during drought.

Meta-analysis of flavonoids with antiviral potential against coronavirus

“…Rhoifolin is the most widespread of the studied metabolites. It has been identied in barley, wheat, soybeans, Ficus, and B. distachyon, which is phylogenetically close to barley and wheat (Afzan et al (2019), Piasecka et al (2017), Onda et al (2015), Sawada et al (2016)). Preclinical studies have shown that rhoifolin possesses a variety of signicant biological activities in- cluding antioxidant, anti-inammatory, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective and anticancer eects; see Refaat et al (2018).…”

“…Barley is another plant rich in rhoifolin. Research on the leaves of barley was carried out in Piasecka et al (2017). In a pilot experiment, nine varieties of barley were considered at dierent development phases, designated as time points (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6) in Figure 2.…”

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“…Recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of barley were subjected to mQTL analysis and identified 98 different metabolites under drought stress. These stress-responsive metabolites, including sinapic acid, ferulic, and flavones, serve as antioxidants and exert control over gene expression regulation and modulate protein function under stress [208]. Templer and colleagues investigated barley mQTLs, physiological, morphological, and metabolic adaptation under drought stress conditions.…”

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“…Chromatography is a widely used laboratory technique for the separation of chemical compounds (e.g. Piasecka et al (2016), Piasecka et al (2017), Swarcewicz et al (2017), Ożarowski et al (2017), Sawikowska et al (2018)). Currently used chromatographs take advantage of new high-throughput and sensitive instruments and protocols that generate a huge amount of data, in which the number of variables exceeds the sample size.…”