Drop‐to‐drop solvent microextraction coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for rapid determination of trimeprazine in urine and blood of rats: application to pharmacokinetic studies

Abstract

A simple and rapid method based on drop-to-drop solvent microextraction (DDSME) coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) has been successfully applied for the pharmacokinetic studies of trimeprazine in 8 microL of urine and blood samples of rats. Several factors that influenced the extraction efficiency of DDSME, such as selection of organic solvent, extraction time, exposure volume of organic phase, addition of salt and pH, were optimized. Linearity was obtained over the concentration ranges of 0.2-10, 0.25-7.0 and 0.5-6.0 microg/mL with correlation coefficients of 0.998, 0.996 and 0.993 in deionized water, urine and blood samples of rats, respectively. The limits of detection (LODs) of trimeprazine were 0.05, 0.06 and 0.1 microg/mL in deionized water, urine and blood samples. The concentrations of trimeprazine obtained in urine and blood samples of rats were 0.21-1.25 and 2.72-0.22 microg/mL, respectively, after a single intravenous administration of this drug. The enrichment factors and LOD values obtained by DDSME coupled to GC/MS were compared with those of hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) combined with GC/MS. We believe that this novel approach can be very useful in clinical application since only one microdrop of biological samples was required to perform the pharmacokinetic studies from rats, so the sample pretreatments for animal experiments can be very easy too.

Determination of phenothiazine derivatives in human urine by using ionic liquid-based dynamic liquid-phase microextraction coupled with liquid chromatography

“…Traditional liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) [9] and solid-phase extraction (SPE) using conventional sorbents such as C 18 [10] or with more selective sorbents like MIPs [11], have been proposed for these purposes. Besides these well-established approaches, new extraction strategies including the so-called solventless techniques, such as solid-phase microextraction (SPME) [12] and liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) [13], are gaining importance. LPME emerged in the mid-to-late 1990 when Liu and Dasgupta [14] and Jeannot and Cantwell [15] almost simultaneously, proposed for the first time the use of solvents in the low microliter range as extractants.…”

Dynamic liquid phase nanoextraction coupled to GC/MS for rapid analysis of methoxyacetophenone and anisaldehye isomers in urine

“…Wu et al [21] previously proposed a minimum extraction technique in the GC/MS named drop to drop solvent microextraction (DDSME) technique which can perform the SDME extraction within a drop of aqueous solution (7 lL). This technique has been demonstrated to be a simple and effective tool for pharmacokinetic study of rats [22] but it is a static method of extraction. Lee and coworkers [13,14,23,24] proposed several dynamic SDME and LPME methods using larger volumes (mL) which offer better extraction efficiency than the static methods.…”

GC–MS Coupled with Hollow-Fiber Drop-to-Drop Solvent Microextraction for Determination of Antidepressants Drugs in Human Blood Sample

“…Liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) is a fairly new method of sample preparation by miniaturizing LLE procedure, the organic solvent to aqueous phase ratio is greatly reduced [17]. Single drop microextraction (SDME) [18][19][20][21], hollow fiber-liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) [22][23][24] and drop-to-drop solvent microextraction (DDSME) [25][26][27] are type of LPME where the target analytes were separated and preconcentrated into micro amount of organic solvent from sample solution.…”