“…The dispersion height is almost the same for all three settler diameters. 3 Experimental (symbols) variation in the fractional heights h s / H 0 and h c / H 0 of the sedimenting (upper) and coalescing (lower) interfaces with time t obtained by Panoussopoulos et al , for a water-in-model oil dispersion when ε 0 = 0.5. Circles, squares, and triangles respectively correspond to the settler diameters of 25, 50, and 60 mm.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Separation of Water-in-Crude Oil Dispersions. The experimental (symbols) variation in the fractional heights h s / H 0 and h c / H 0 of the sedimenting and coalescing interfaces with time t obtained by Panoussopoulos et al , using position-sensitive γ-ray equipment for a water-in-heavy crude oil dispersion at 75 °C is shown in Figure . Circles, squares, and triangles correspond to the values of the initial holdup ε 0 = 0.6, 0.7, and 0.8, respectively.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The values of the turbulence decay time t d , the time for the completion of the sedimentation t s , and the separation time t f can be seen to decrease strongly with the holdup ε 0 . 2 Experimental (symbols) variation in the fractional heights h s / H 0 and h c / H 0 of the sedimenting (upper) and coalescing (lower) interfaces with time t obtained by Panoussopoulos et al , for a water-in-heavy crude oil dispersion. Circles, squares, and triangles respectively correspond to the values of the initial holdup ε 0 = 0.6, 0.7, and 0.8.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Experimental (symbols) variation in the fractional heights h s / H 0 and h c / H 0 of the sedimenting (upper) and coalescing (lower) interfaces with time t obtained by Panoussopoulos et al , for a water-in-heavy crude oil dispersion. Circles, squares, and triangles respectively correspond to the values of the initial holdup ε 0 = 0.6, 0.7, and 0.8.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The separation time t f increases with an increase in the settler diameter. For water-in-crude oil and water-in-model oil dispersions used by Panoussopulos et al , and the large settler used by Nadiv and Semiat, the value of the initial sedimentation velocity v 0 is zero in eq 10 for the sedimentation profile.…”
The separation of batch dispersions is affected by the initial turbulence present in the settler
which reduces the initial sedimentation rate and the onset of interfacial coalescence. As the
turbulence decays, these rates gradually increase, giving rise to sigmoidal sedimentation and
coalescence profiles. A model is presented which describes the separation of a dispersion of height
H
0 and holdup ε0 with an initial drop diameter φ0, and interfacial coalescence time τd allowing
for the turbulence decay time t
d and coalescence incubation time t
0. For a given holdup ε0, the
drop diameter φ0 and initial turbulence are themselves functions of the mixing conditions. The
model is used to describe experimental data for both water-in-oil and oil-in-water dispersions
for different liquid−liquid systems ranging from a heavy crude to a water-like model oil. The
effect of physical properties, holdup, initial turbulence, and settler geometry is investigated.
“…The dispersion height is almost the same for all three settler diameters. 3 Experimental (symbols) variation in the fractional heights h s / H 0 and h c / H 0 of the sedimenting (upper) and coalescing (lower) interfaces with time t obtained by Panoussopoulos et al , for a water-in-model oil dispersion when ε 0 = 0.5. Circles, squares, and triangles respectively correspond to the settler diameters of 25, 50, and 60 mm.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Separation of Water-in-Crude Oil Dispersions. The experimental (symbols) variation in the fractional heights h s / H 0 and h c / H 0 of the sedimenting and coalescing interfaces with time t obtained by Panoussopoulos et al , using position-sensitive γ-ray equipment for a water-in-heavy crude oil dispersion at 75 °C is shown in Figure . Circles, squares, and triangles correspond to the values of the initial holdup ε 0 = 0.6, 0.7, and 0.8, respectively.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The values of the turbulence decay time t d , the time for the completion of the sedimentation t s , and the separation time t f can be seen to decrease strongly with the holdup ε 0 . 2 Experimental (symbols) variation in the fractional heights h s / H 0 and h c / H 0 of the sedimenting (upper) and coalescing (lower) interfaces with time t obtained by Panoussopoulos et al , for a water-in-heavy crude oil dispersion. Circles, squares, and triangles respectively correspond to the values of the initial holdup ε 0 = 0.6, 0.7, and 0.8.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Experimental (symbols) variation in the fractional heights h s / H 0 and h c / H 0 of the sedimenting (upper) and coalescing (lower) interfaces with time t obtained by Panoussopoulos et al , for a water-in-heavy crude oil dispersion. Circles, squares, and triangles respectively correspond to the values of the initial holdup ε 0 = 0.6, 0.7, and 0.8.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The separation time t f increases with an increase in the settler diameter. For water-in-crude oil and water-in-model oil dispersions used by Panoussopulos et al , and the large settler used by Nadiv and Semiat, the value of the initial sedimentation velocity v 0 is zero in eq 10 for the sedimentation profile.…”
The separation of batch dispersions is affected by the initial turbulence present in the settler
which reduces the initial sedimentation rate and the onset of interfacial coalescence. As the
turbulence decays, these rates gradually increase, giving rise to sigmoidal sedimentation and
coalescence profiles. A model is presented which describes the separation of a dispersion of height
H
0 and holdup ε0 with an initial drop diameter φ0, and interfacial coalescence time τd allowing
for the turbulence decay time t
d and coalescence incubation time t
0. For a given holdup ε0, the
drop diameter φ0 and initial turbulence are themselves functions of the mixing conditions. The
model is used to describe experimental data for both water-in-oil and oil-in-water dispersions
for different liquid−liquid systems ranging from a heavy crude to a water-like model oil. The
effect of physical properties, holdup, initial turbulence, and settler geometry is investigated.
Effective separation of water and oil dispersions is considered a critical step in the determination of technical and economic success in the petroleum industry over the years. Moreover, a deeper understanding of the emulsification process and different affected parameters is essential for cost-effective oil production, transportation, and downstream processing. Numerous studies conducted on the concept of dispersion characterization indicate the importance of this concept, which deserves attention by the scientific community. Therefore, a comprehensive review study with critical analysis on significant concepts will help readers follow them easily. This study is a comprehensive review of the concept of dispersion characterization and conducted studies recently published. The main purposes of this review are to 1) Highlight flaws, 2) Outline gaps and weaknesses, 3) Address conflicts, 4) Prevent duplication of effort, 5) List factors affecting dispersion. It was found that the separation efficiency and stability of dispersions are affected by different chemical and physical factors. Factors affecting the stability of the emulsions have been studied in detail and will help to look for the right action to ensure stable emulsions. In addition, methods of ensuring stability, especially coalescence are highlighted, and coalescence mathematical explanations of phenomena are presented.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
