Driving Down On-Highway Particulate Emissions

Kittelson, David B.; Watts, Winthrop F.; Johnson, Jennifer L.; Rowntree, C. J.; Goodier, S.; Payne, M J; Preston, W. H.; Warrens, Chris P.; Ortiz, Marcela Tamayo y; Zink, Uwe; Goersmann, C.; Twigg, M. V.; Walker, Andrew P.

doi:10.4271/2006-01-0916

Cited by 33 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(18 reference statements)

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“…Soot, constituting a major portion of PM, is basically black carbon comprising a large number of tiny particles with diameter less than 100 nm (Kittelson et al 2006). It has been reported that oxidation rate of soot is higher in case of biodiesel relative to commercial diesel (Song et al 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of biodiesel on particulate numbers and composition emitted from turbocharged diesel engine

Shah

et al. 2013

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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In present study a turbocharged, medium duty compression ignition engine was alternatively fuelled with biodiesel to investigate the changes in particulate matter composition, relative to that taken with diesel fuel. The engine was operated on an AC electrical dynamometer in accordance with an 8-mode, steady-state cycle. The numbers of particles were estimated through electrical low pressure impactor, while sulfates and trace metals were analyzed by ion chromatography and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy, respectively. Nitric oxides and nitrogen dioxides were measured separately using SEMTECH-DS. Experimental results revealed that, on account of elevated ratios of nitrogen dioxide to nitrogen oxides, mean accumulation mode particles were 42 % lower with biodiesel. On the other hand, nuclei mode particles were higher with biodiesel, owing to heterogeneous nucleation and accounting for an increase in sulfate emissions up to 8 % with biodiesel as compared to diesel. On the average, trace metal emissions were significantly reduced showing 65-85.4 % reduction rates with biodiesel, relative to its counterpart. Further to this, individual congeners such as iron, calcium, and sodium were the predominant elements of the trace metals emitted from engine. The mean relative decrease in iron and calcium was 89-97.8 and 77.6-87 %, respectively, while the relative rise in sodium was in the range of 29-46 % with biodiesel. Further, elements such as zinc, chromium, and aluminum showed substantial abatement, whereas potassium, magnesium, and manganese exhibited irregular trends on account of variable engine loads and speeds during the various modes of cycle.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of biodiesel on particulate numbers and composition emitted from turbocharged diesel engine

Shah

et al. 2013

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Most diesel nanoparticles form during the dilution process by gas-to-particle conversion processes, so it is possible for diesel nanoparticles to form downstream of particulate filters, which are able to remove solid particles but not necessarily gas phase particle precursors (Kittelson et al 2006a(Kittelson et al , 2006b. In an effort to control nanoparticle emissions, the European Union is considering regulating particle number concentration in addition to particle mass, but so far the plan is to only regulate solid particle emissions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Diesel Nanoparticle Nucleation Mechanisms

Jung

Kittelson

2008

Aerosol Science and Technology

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Most of the nanoparticle number emissions from diesel engines are found in the nucleation mode (D p <∼ 30 nm). These nanoparticles are mainly formed by nucleation as diesel engine exhaust gas cools and dilutes in the atmosphere. Diesel nanoparticles have raised concerns because of their suspected human health effects. There are two main theories describing diesel nanoparticle nucleation: homogeneous nucleation, most likely binary of sulfuric acid and water, and ion-induced nucleation. In this study we assess the likelihood of the ionic mechanism.Previous studies have shown that diesel nucleation mode particles carry little or no electrical charge (Jung and Kittelson 2005). This could be due to the fact that those particles were never charged, or it could be due to the fact that they were neutralized quickly during dilution and sampling. In the first part of this study, we estimated the extent of neutralization of charged nuclei during the dilution process and found it too slow compared to the residence time in our system to account for the absence of charge observed in previous work. In the second part of this study, we compared nuclei mode formation with and without chemi-ions during dilution and sampling by using an ion trap at the upstream of dilution. Removing upstream ions had no significant influence on the nucleation mode, suggesting that ionic nucleation did not play an important role. We also calculated ion concentration histories, accounting for recombination and attachment during expansion stroke in after combustion. This calculation indicates that ion concentration in the exhaust is too low to account for nucleation mode formation.

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“…PN in Euro VI regulation is measured based on the recommendations put forward within the Particle Measurement Program (PMP) [6]. Particles emitted from diesel engines are broadly classified into nuclei mode (3-30 nm), accumulation mode (30-500 nm) and coarse mode (>1 µm) particles [7].…”

Section: Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar behaviour was observed in other constant temperature OP. Since, particle number distribution does not give much information about larger particles, the particle volume distribution was calculated from the particle number distribution measurements, assuming spherical particles (Equation 2) [7].…”

Section: Effect Of Exhaust Flow Rate On Particlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Agglomeration and Nucleation of Non-Volatile Particles in a Particle Grouping Exhaust Pipe of a Euro VI Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine

Prasath¹,

Stenlåås²,

Bernemyr³

et al. 2019

SAE Technical Paper Series

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The possibility of non-volatile particle agglomeration in engine exhaust was experimentally examined in a Euro VI heavy duty engine using a variable cross section agglomeration pipe, insulated and double walled for minimal thermophoresis. The agglomeration pipe was located between the turbocharger and the exhaust treatment devices. Sampling was made across the pipe and along the centre-line of the agglomeration pipe. The performance of the agglomeration pipe was compared with an equivalent insulated straight pipe. The non-volatile total particle number and size distribution were investigated. Particle number measurements were conducted according to the guidelines from the Particle Measurement Programme. The Engine was fuelled with commercially available low sulphur S10 diesel. Experiments conducted in heavy duty engine relevant operating points were done to sweep the effect of (i) Mass flow rate in the exhaust (ii) Temperature in the exhaust and (iii) Engine speed and thus exhaust pressure pulsation frequencies in the exhaust. The test matrix included eleven operating points at steadystate. The results show that, using the agglomeration pipe, neither significant non-volatile particle reduction nor noticeable change in particle size distribution could be proven. In the current study, nucleation of non-volatile particles could not be observed along the straight pipe. Furthermore, it was found that the variable crosssection agglomeration pipe and straight pipe showed similar results in the total particle number and particle size distribution with respect to non-volatile particles.

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Driving Down On-Highway Particulate Emissions

Cited by 33 publications

References 20 publications

Effect of biodiesel on particulate numbers and composition emitted from turbocharged diesel engine

Effect of biodiesel on particulate numbers and composition emitted from turbocharged diesel engine

Investigation of Diesel Nanoparticle Nucleation Mechanisms

Agglomeration and Nucleation of Non-Volatile Particles in a Particle Grouping Exhaust Pipe of a Euro VI Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine

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