Drivers’ Responses to Lead Vehicles: Thresholds for Triggering an Emergency Response, Age Differences, Crash Risks, and Influence of Secondary Task Engagement

Muttart, Jeffrey; Dinakar, Swaroop; Edewaard, Darlene

doi:10.4271/2021-01-0898

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…Alternatively, drivers may not wait until optical expansion reaches .006 rad/s to make a sudden response. Instead, they may respond as information builds over time and make transitional responses, consistent with the accumulation model (Markkula et al, 2014(Markkula et al, , 2020, that is, rely on an evidence-based process rather than a discrete threshold.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Do Drivers Respond to Lead Vehicles Gradually or Suddenly?

Oliver

Weaver

DeLucia

et al. 2022

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual

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The aim of the current study was to determine whether drivers’ responses to stopped and slow-moving lead vehicles transition gradually in phases, each associated with a distinct optical expansion rate. We also examined whether results were affected by a cell phone conversation and expectancy. We used a driving simulator to assess six response inputs of (1) begins to release the accelerator, (2) releases accelerator completely, (3) starts to press brake (4) comfort-level braking (5) unanticipated-level braking and (6) brake pedal pressed more than 90 percent. Optical expansion rate differed among the first four inputs (the fifth and sixth did not occur enough to analyze), meaning drivers respond to lead vehicles in phases. When drivers were not engaged in a cell phone conversation, optical expansion rate for the perceptual event preceding unanticipated braking was greater when the lead vehicle was stopped compared to slowed. Expectancy did not affect optical expansion rates.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Do Drivers Respond to Lead Vehicles Gradually or Suddenly?

Oliver

Weaver

DeLucia

et al. 2022

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual

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“…While most HP training programs focused on improving anticipation and awareness of non-immediate hazards before they become immediate hazards, fewer studies have designed HP training focusing on proper recognition of immediate hazards. Forensic research and simulator studies (110)(111)(112) that analyzed driver behavior in different types of crashes such as left turn across path from opposite direction and lead vehicle front-to-rear (or rear-end) crashes have shown human limitations in recognizing immediate hazards. Even after the immediate hazards are visible to a driver, they may not be able to judge the speed, gap, and future positions of the vehicles correctly for proper assessment of an imminent collision.…”

Section: Improving Hp Training Programsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hazard Perception in Driving: A Systematic Literature Review

Cao

Samuel

Murzello

et al. 2022

Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation R

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Hazard perception (HP) is the process of detecting and identifying hazards. Drivers’ HP abilities are critical for driving safety. This paper presents a systematic literature review of driver HP, including scientific measures of HP, major human factors affecting HP, and training methods for improving HP skills. Sixty-nine peer-reviewed studies were identified and reviewed. The results showed that common measures of HP include hazard scenario questionnaires, HP reaction time, hazard hit rate, and eye fixation measures such as fixation probability, fixation reaction time, fixation duration, and fixation variance. Major human factors that affect HP include experience, aging, fatigue, distraction, and the use of alcohol and drugs. Various training methods have been developed to train and improve drivers’ HP skills. In general, there is evidence in the literature showing the effectiveness of HP training. A combination of complementary training approaches such as instruction, expert demonstration, and active practice with feedback and attention support the use of picture-, video-, computer-, and simulator-based training methods to improve HP performance in shorter HP reaction time, higher hazard hit rate, and better eye scan patterns (more spread scan, more anticipatory scan). These findings could guide future work developing and designing HP training programs. Three future research areas are identified and discussed: the need for standardized HP tests, long-term testing of HP training programs, and new HP questions and challenges brought by partially automated vehicles.

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“…Deputy Vice's primary task was to quickly drive through the channelized area created by the Ford Explorer to his left and the iron fence to his right and attempt to bring his car to a stop. Routine driving has been acknowledged to produce significant attentional demands, particularly in its effect on perceptionreaction time (Muttart, 2017). Emergency vehicle operation places additional demands, including time pressures and using the lights and sirens (Hsiao, Chang, & Simeonov, 2018).…”

Section: Characteristics Of Tasks Associated With Ibmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Potential Case of Inattentional Blindness in a Police-Pursuit Collision

Martin¹

2020

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual

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The perceptual phenomenon of “inattentional blindness” has been widely acknowledged in the scientific literature for 30 years. In addition to the laboratory-based examples, real-life examples appear in the literature. This paper provides a case study where a deputy sheriff’s patrol car collided with a fleeing motorcyclist – with unique circumstances – as recorded on in-car-camera (ICC) videos. Although the motorcyclist brought suit alleging the deputy intentionally collided with him, the deputy reported that he first noticed another deputy running after the motorcyclist prior to seeing the fleeing motorcyclist. However, the ICC video from the involved deputy’s patrol car strongly supports the motorcyclist was visible from the deputy’s perspective before the on-foot deputy appeared. The facts of this incident are compared to the widely accepted characteristics of inattentional blindness in exploring whether that perceptual phenomenon may have been at play in this case.

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Drivers’ Responses to Lead Vehicles: Thresholds for Triggering an Emergency Response, Age Differences, Crash Risks, and Influence of Secondary Task Engagement

Cited by 4 publications

References 89 publications

Do Drivers Respond to Lead Vehicles Gradually or Suddenly?

Do Drivers Respond to Lead Vehicles Gradually or Suddenly?

Hazard Perception in Driving: A Systematic Literature Review

A Potential Case of Inattentional Blindness in a Police-Pursuit Collision

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