Drivers’ range anxiety and cost of new EV chargers in Amsterdam: a scenario-based optimization approach

Abstract

Due to the sharp growth in the adaptation of electric vehicles (EV) in the Netherlands and the objectives of the Dutch Climate Accord is to encourage electric mobility, in the coming decades a substantial number of new EV charging facilities needs to be provided. Efficient planning of EV charging infrastructure is coupled with the notion of range anxiety, which is likely to be severely high in case of soon-to-be EV drivers. This study aims to estimate the cost of developing a new charging infrastructure under five scenarios of range anxiety in Amsterdam East. Employing a Linear Integer Programming optimization model, on the basis of geographic data on car registration, existing EV chargers, and electricity substations, it is obtained that if drivers use 90% of their battery before using a charging facility, the existing charging infrastructure needs to be expanded by only 31% to accommodate almost seven times larger number of EVs-the threshold set by the European Union (EU) legislation on the deployment of alternative fuel infrastructure. If drivers use only 30% of the batteries; however, an increase of 167% in infrastructure is inevitable (accounting for almost five million euro of cost). Second, at any point along the range anxiety spectrum, if the interval between charging session increases for 1 day, the overall cost decreases by more than 30%. These findings are discussed, and two policy approaches are proposed: (1) information technology approach; (2) demand-response approach, on the basis of EU legislation on energy efficiency and deployment of alternative fuel infrastructure.

National Culture and the Market Development of Battery Electric Vehicles in 21 Countries

“…In addition to supportive national policies, to increase the rate of diffusion, competent marketing is needed throughout the stages of the adoption process [48], while taking national cultural values into consideration. For example, marketing messages in uncertainty-avoidant cultures need to address the risks and anxieties of owning an EV, such as consumers' lack of experience using the technology and especially "range anxiety" [113] associated with an ambiguous driving range and the availability of charging infrastructure [114]. Norway, for example, created a very dense charging network to decrease the fear of being stuck in an isolated region in the winter [115].…”

Mobility, electricity, and parking data for EV infrastructure in the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area

“…The five types of data were chosen as their combination and analysis bring opportunities to research on urban and regional mobility using GIS software, especially involving electric vehicles and electricity-based transport systems. The resulting dataset could be used for analyzing the potential location and distribution of electric vehicles charging infrastructure (similar to [9] ), or in combination with mobility survey data to determine the impact to the electricity grid supply and infrastructure of new mobility systems (similar to [10] and [11] ).…”

Alternative electrification pathways for light-duty vehicles in the European transport sector

“…Inconvenience costs, i.e. soft costs, have been shown to be extremely important in passenger transport (Compostella et al, 2020;Fulton et al, 2020;Mashhoodi and Blij, 2021). In particular, there are important systemic feedbacks between market penetration and intangible costs, especially when it comes to the market introduction of new technologies.…”