Driver's visual attention as a function of driving experience and visibility. Using a driving simulator to explore drivers’ eye movements in day, night and rain driving

Konstantopoulos, Panos; Chapman, Peter; Crundall, David

doi:10.1016/j.aap.2009.09.022

Cited by 340 publications

(165 citation statements)

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“…Tejero et al (2004) realizaron una revisión de estudios sobre la exploración visual de conductores con distinta experiencia a partir del registro de los movimientos oculares, determinando que una de las variables que mejor discriminan a ambos colectivos de conductores es el tiempo de fijación visual, así como la mayor flexibilidad que poseen los conductores expertos en obtener información relevante para las situaciones cambiantes de conducción. Además, la duración de estas fijaciones oculares está considerada como un indicador de carga de procesamiento de la información que tienen los conductores, en función del nivel de complejidad que posea la situación estimular presentada (Konstantopoulos, Chapman, & Crundall, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…De este modo, existen trabajos donde las fijaciones visuales anales de psicología, 2013, vol. 29, nº 1 (enero) son más breves en los conductores con menos experiencia que respecto a los expertos (Carter & Laya, 1998;Dishart & Land, 1998;Seya & Nakayasu, 2008;Unema & Röting, 1990); otros donde los conductores noveles realizaban fijaciones más largas (Chapman & Underwood, 1998;Crundall, Underwood, & Chapman, 1999;Konstantopoulos et al, 2010); y también algún estudio donde no se encontraban diferencias según la experiencia (Huestegge, Skottke, Anders, Müsseler, & Debus, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…También se han realizado estudios que analizan los movimientos oculares en conductores expertos y noveles respecto a la localización de sus fijaciones visuales y la información relevante e irrelevante del entorno (Falkmer & Gregersen, 2005;Konstantopoulos et al, 2010;Underwood, Chapman, Berger, & Crundall, 2003;Underwood, Chapman, Bowden, & Crundall, 2002); información para ajustar la trayectoria del vehículo (Dishart & Land, 1998;Underwood, Chapman, Brocklehurst, Underwood, & Crundall, 2003); e información que ayuda a anticipar un evento inesperado y peligroso (Chapman, Underwood, & Roberts, 2002;Crundall et al, 1999;Hosking, Liu, & Bayly, 2010;Huestegge et al, 2010;Underwood, Chapman, Berger et al, 2003). Destacar la aportación de Miltenburg y Kuiken (1990), quienes registraron los movimientos oculares de diferentes grupos de conductores mientras visualizaban simulaciones de vídeo de situaciones de conducción, concluyendo que los conductores con poca o media experiencia se fijaban antes en los objetos irrelevantes que el grupo de más experiencia; o la de Wikman, Nieminen, y Summala (1998), quienes verificaron que un mayor porcentaje de conductores inexpertos tienen un mayor tiempo de fijación sobre objetos distractores del interior del vehículo.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

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Estrategias de búsqueda visual en conductores expertos y noveles durante la visualización de escenas de tráfico

et al. 2013

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Resumen: El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar las estrategias de búsqueda visual desarrolladas por un grupo de conductores expertos (n=5) y otro inexperto (n=5) en una situación simulada de conducción en laboratorio. El registro de los movimientos oculares se hace a través del sistema de seguimiento de la mirada ASL SE5000 y se analizan el número, tiempo y localización de las fijaciones visuales. Los conductores observaron una secuencia de fotogramas específicos de conducción, para emitir seguidamente una respuesta verbal tras cada ensayo. Los resultados muestran que el grupo de conductores expertos e inexpertos elaboran diferentes estrategias de búsqueda visual. Estas diferencias se encuentran en un mayor tiempo de fijación del grupo de conductores experto cuando no se tiene en cuenta la localización de la fijación visual. También presenta un mayor número y tiempo de fijación en estímulos relevantes para la conducción (señales verticales y vehículos) con respecto al grupo inexperto. En cambio, este último grupo presenta un número y tiempo de fijaciones superior en localizaciones poco relevantes para la conducción. No existen diferencias entre grupos de conductores en la precisión de sus respuestas verbales, y tampoco una relación entre las variables perceptivas y la precisión de sus respuestas. Palabras clave: Estrategias búsqueda visual; experiencia; conducción.Title: Visual search strategies in expert and novice drivers during the perception of driving scenes. Abstract: The aim of this study is to analyze the visual search strategies of expert (n=5) and inexperienced drivers (n=5) during a simulated task of driving in laboratory. The ocular movements are recorded with an ASL SE5000 eye tracking system; and the number, time and location of these fixations are analyzed too. The drivers observed a sequence of specific frames of driving, and then they had to respond with a verbal respond after each trial. The results show that the expert and inexperienced group develop different visual search strategies. These differences are the higher time of fixation, independently of location fixation; and even the higher number and time of fixation on relevant stimuli during the driving (vertical signs and vehicles) in the expert group against to other group. Instead, the inexperienced group shows higher number and time on irrelevant stimuli during the driving. There are no differences between groups of drivers on the accuracy of their verbal response, and neither there is any relation between perceptual variables and the accuracy of their responses. Key words: visual search strategies; experience; driving. IntroducciónEn el ámbito de la seguridad vial, han sido numerosos los temas de estudio que han tratado de averiguar qué variables influyen en el rendimiento de la tarea de conducción y en la prevención de accidentes de tráfico. Algunas de las variables analizadas han sido la fatiga, el sueño durante la conducción, la exploración de las diferencias individuales entre sexos o edades de los conductores, la evaluación...

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Section: Introductionunclassified

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Estrategias de búsqueda visual en conductores expertos y noveles durante la visualización de escenas de tráfico

et al. 2013

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“…Such visual search is task-specific; for example, when viewing faces observers will scan the eye-region more than other features (e.g., Hills, Sullivan, & Pake, 2012), and during driving, locations in the horizontal plane, centred at the focus of expansion, are attended most frequently (Crundall & Underwood, 1998;Konstantopoulos, Chapman, & Crundall, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attentional modulation of the carry over of eye-movements between tasks

et al. 2016

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Task demands that influence scanning behaviour in one task can cause that behaviour to persist to a second unrelated task (carry over). This can also affect performance on a second task (e.g., hazard perception ratings), and has been attributed to a process of attentional bias that is modulated by top-down influences (Thompson & Crundall, 2011). In a series of experiments we explored how these top-down influences impact upon carry over. In all experiments, participants searched letters that were presented horizontally, vertically, or in a random array. They were then presented with a driving scene and rated the hazardousness of the scene. Carry over of eye-movements from the letter search to the scene was observed in all experiments. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that this carry over effect influenced hazard perception accuracy. The magnitude of carry over was correlated with task switching abilities, attentional conflicting, and attentional orienting (Experiment 1), and was affected by predictability of the primary task (Experiment 2). Furthermore, direct current stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and parietal areas affected the magnitude of the effect (Experiment 3). These results indicate that carry over is modulated by the specific ability to orient attention and disengage from this orientation. Over orienting leads to increased carry over and insufficient task switching is detrimental to task performance. As a result the current experiments provide evidence that the carry over effect is strongly influenced by attentional processes, namely orienting, inhibition, and task switching.

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“…Brodsky and Hakkert (1988) found crash frequency increased during rainy weather two to three times more than during dry weather. Konstantopoulos et al (2010) examined driver eye movement and driver experience during precipitation using driving simulators and found that driving instructors used mirrors more than beginner drivers and that the diminished differences in visual search tendencies may to some extent contribute to the dangers of night driving during rain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rainfall impacts on traffic safety: rain-related fatal crashes in Texas

Jackson

Sharif

2014

Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk

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This study uses fatal crash data and geospatial analysis to examine the temporal and spatial distribution of rain-related fatal crashes in Texas from 1982 to 2011. The data were obtained from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System maintained by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The GetisÀOrd G i Ã (d i ) statistic was used to identify spatial clustering patterns of rain-related fatal crashes and their correlation with rainfall and compare them to spatial patterns of other crashes. The spatial statistical analysis reveals spatial patterns for rainrelated crashes that are clustered in different areas at different levels of confidence. The temporal variability of raw and normalized fatal crashes and rain-related crashes was also investigated at the state level. Although the population of Texas increased by more than 67% over the study period, with a corresponding increase in the number of vehicles, the fatal crashes and rainrelated crashes in Texas did not increase but decreased instead. Results suggest that rain is a contributor to crashes in few counties but at less than 95% confidence in some of the wetter counties. These counties should be the focus of further research and detailed analysis to identify underlying crash contributing factors such that safety countermeasures can be developed.

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Driver's visual attention as a function of driving experience and visibility. Using a driving simulator to explore drivers’ eye movements in day, night and rain driving

Cited by 340 publications

References 50 publications

Estrategias de búsqueda visual en conductores expertos y noveles durante la visualización de escenas de tráfico

Estrategias de búsqueda visual en conductores expertos y noveles durante la visualización de escenas de tráfico

Attentional modulation of the carry over of eye-movements between tasks

Rainfall impacts on traffic safety: rain-related fatal crashes in Texas

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