Driven-right-leg circuit design

Winter, Bruce B.; Webster, John G.

doi:10.1109/tbme.1983.325168

Cited by 391 publications

(167 citation statements)

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“…Conventional systems typically use a driven-right-leg active ground to further minimize common-mode noise [37]. Kim et al makes an important contribution in this field by extending the analysis for the driven-right-leg scheme for capacitive applications [36].…”

Section: B Noncontact Capacitive Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dry-Contact and Noncontact Biopotential Electrodes: Methodological Review

Jung

Cauwenberghs

2010

IEEE Rev. Biomed. Eng.

884

596

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Abstract-Recent demand and interest in wireless, mobile-based healthcare has driven significant interest towards developing alternative biopotential electrodes for patient physiological monitoring. The conventional wet adhesive Ag/AgCl electrodes used almost universally in clinical applications today provide an excellent signal but are cumbersome and irritating for mobile use. While electrodes that operate without gels, adhesives and even skin contact have been known for many decades, they have yet to achieve any acceptance for medical use. In addition, detailed knowledge and comparisons between different electrodes are not well known in the literature. In this paper, we explore the use of dry/noncontact electrodes for clinical use by first explaining the electrical models for dry, insulated and noncontact electrodes and show the performance limits, along with measured data. The theory and data show that the common practice of minimizing electrode resistance may not always be necessary and actually lead to increased noise depending on coupling capacitance. Theoretical analysis is followed by an extensive review of the latest dry electrode developments in the literature. The paper concludes with highlighting some of the novel systems that dry electrode technology has enabled for cardiac and neural monitoring followed by a discussion of the current challenges and a roadmap going forward.

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Section: B Noncontact Capacitive Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dry-Contact and Noncontact Biopotential Electrodes: Methodological Review

Jung

Cauwenberghs

2010

IEEE Rev. Biomed. Eng.

884

596

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“…In these systems, the digital active electrode [49] achieves the most balanced performance while including the most functions. Comparatively, other AE systems either consume mW power [68], or have diminished analog performance, in terms of 64dB CMRR [62], >2µVrms input noise [32] [64], and 6 connecting wires [34]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most well-known CMFB circuit is the Driven-Right-Leg (DRL) (Fig. 22) [62], where the common-mode (CM) output voltage is tracked and fed back to the subject through a third electrode, i.e. the bias electrode.…”

Section: E Cmrr Enhancementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Active Electrodes for Wearable EEG Acquisition: Review and Electronics Design Methodology

Mitra

Hoof

et al. 2017

IEEE Rev. Biomed. Eng.

132

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Abstract-Active Electrodes (AE), i.e. electrodes with built-in readout circuitry, are increasingly being implemented in wearable healthcare and lifestyle applications due to AE's robustness to environmental interference. An AE locally amplifies and buffers µV-level EEG signals before driving any cabling. The low output impedance of an AE mitigates cable motion artifacts thus enabling the use of high-impedance dry electrodes for greater user comfort. However, developing a wearable EEG system, with medical grade signal quality on noise, electrode offset tolerance, common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR), input impedance and power dissipation, remains a challenging task. This paper reviews state-of-the-art bio-amplifier architectures and low-power analog circuits design techniques intended for wearable EEG acquisition, with a special focus on AE system interfaced with dry electrodes. Index Terms-Active electrode, instrumentation amplifier (IA), electroencephalography (EEG), dry electrodes, common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR), brain-computer interface (BCI)I. INTRODUCTION ecent advances in biomedical technologies, integrated circuits (ICs), sensors and data analysis techniques have accelerated the development of wearable technology for Telehealth applications. Today, miniature and low-power medical sensors can be easily integrated into various accessories that continuously sense, process and transfer people's physiological information during their daily life activities. By reducing the need for manual intervention and by lowering the cost, these medical devices are being widely used in personal healthcare and home diagnostics, such as wellness and health monitoring, home rehabilitation, and the early detection of brain disordersElectroencephalography (EEG)

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“…The name, Driven Right Leg, has been preserved from its first use in electrocardiography (ECG) equipment [27], although this electrode is not connected to the subject's right leg for EEG recordings. As shown in Figure 2, the DRL is a feedback circuit similar to the DC restorator.…”

Section: Driven Right Legmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As shown in Figure 2, the DRL is a feedback circuit similar to the DC restorator. It feeds the inverse of the common-mode voltage back to the human subject, which acts to reduce the common-mode noise present at the active electrodes [27]. …”

Section: Driven Right Legmentioning

confidence: 99%