Drinking Water Treatment and Challenges in Developing Countries

Treacy, Josephine

doi:10.5772/intechopen.80780

Cited by 43 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…These conclusions are confirmed by the curves in the Fig. 2 and mathematical dependencies (1)(2)(3)(4)(5).…”

Section: Fig 1 Schematic Of the Experimental Setupsupporting

confidence: 72%

“…The article [1] affects issues of pollution concerns of water in developing countries and categorised in terms of physical, chemical and biological pollutants such as turbidity, organic matter and bacteria. The processes are involved in removing the contaminants are including physical processes such as sedimentation, filtration such as slow-sand filtration, coagulation and flocculation, and disinfectant processes such as chlorination reviewed.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electric Treatment and Regulation of Biotoxic Properties of Drilling Waters

Berezutskyi¹,

Berezutska²,

Khalil³

et al. 2022

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Well drilling is accompanied by the formation of significant volumes of water that contain mechanical and biological impurities. The purpose of the work is to investigate the possibility of regulating the biological properties of drilling and other types of water that using the technologies of electrical processing (electrooxidation). The analysis of methods and technologies for the disinfection of aqueous solutions and emulsions is carried out. The process of electrooxidation of bacteria in contact with the surface of the electrode plates is considered. The determination of the electrokinetic charge of the surface of particles (bacteria) is carried out, which must be taken into account when calculating the processes and equipment for the electrooxidation of bacteria in technological aqueous solutions such as emulsions. The processes of electrooxidation of aqueous emulsions such as Ukrinol and Triethanolamine which are widely used in cutting, grinding, etc., are considered. Physical and mathematical models of disinfection processes at different values of electric current and surface area of oxidizing electrodes are studied. The factors influencing the disinfection process have been determined. Conceptual approaches to the creation of electrooxidizing devices for the disinfection of emulsions directly in the channels through which aqueous technological solutions move are proposed. Aspects of practical application of electrooxidation technology are considered.

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“…These conclusions are confirmed by the curves in the Fig. 2 and mathematical dependencies (1)(2)(3)(4)(5).…”

Section: Fig 1 Schematic Of the Experimental Setupsupporting

confidence: 72%

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electric Treatment and Regulation of Biotoxic Properties of Drilling Waters

Berezutskyi¹,

Berezutska²,

Khalil³

et al. 2022

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“…The deterioration in raw water quality has complicated drinking water treatment especially in developing countries where the conventional water treatment systems are still the most preferred and feasible technology as highlighted by Treacy (2019). Conventional water treatment methods and use of traditional chemicals such as chlorine have been linked to toxin release and formation of disinfection by products (Hu et al 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating use of chlorine dioxide for pre-treatment of raw water from polluted sources at Morton Jaffray Water Treatment Works, Harare, Zimbabwe

Hoko

Toto²,

Mapenzauswa³

et al. 2021

Water Practice and Technology

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Raw water quality deterioration has affected capabilities of Conventional Water Treatment Methods (CWTM) in many countries. CWTM used at Morton Jaffray Water Treatment Works (MJWTW) in Harare have proven ineffective due to pollution. The study investigated the use of Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2) as an alternative pre-treatment chemical. Its effectiveness was compared to that of Calcium Hypochlorite (Ca(CIO)2) used at MJWTW. Grab raw water samples from MJWTW were collected between January and March 2020 and pre-treated with ClO2 and Ca(CIO)2 followed by jar tests with alum to determine pre-treatment effectiveness. Parameters analyzed included Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Solids (TS), turbidity, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), pH and total algae counts (TAC). The raw water had mean TDS (264 mg/L), TS (440 mg/L), turbidity (7.1 NTU), COD (85 mg/L), pH (7.9) and TAC (28.4 × 106 cells/mL). The optimum alum dosage without pre-oxidation was 80 mg/L. Pre-oxidation with 0.075 mg/L ClO2 reduced alum dosage to 60 mg/L. This ClO2 dosage was compared to a Ca(CIO)2 dosage of same concentration and strength at 5 and 15-minutes contact time before alum dosage at 60 mg/L. The treated water quality parameter levels proved better performance for ClO2 compared to calcium hypochlorite.

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“…This means the risk of partially treated or untreated sewage/wastes from onsite sanitation system from COVID-19 affected areas carrying viruses into water bodies could be quite high. As most rural population use the surface or groundwater without further treatment for daily household activities like washing and cleaning, it would have a direct impact on public health ( Treacy, 2019 ). For viruses present in faeces, water, surfaces or insect vectors e.g.…”

Section: Covid-19 In Developing Nations: Potential Disaster Yet To Unmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater: Challenges for developing countries

Pandey

Verma

et al. 2021

International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health

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The COVID-19 pandemic that has engulfed the world, has affected the human lives in several aspects. The detection of SARS-CoV-2 in faeces and urine of the infected person, even after viral clearance in the respiratory tract, and its presence in untreated wastewater raises the possibility of fecal-oral transmission in future. The situation is likely to be more aggravated in developing and least developed countries struggling with the problem of ineffective waste disposal system, open defecation, poor sanitation, and limited access to clean drinking water. In this review, the available data on wastewater treatment, sanitation status and healthcare infrastructure from middle- and low-income countries is collected and correlated with the risk associated with the fecal-oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2. The review also highlights the limitation of COVID-19 surveillance through sewage monitoring in these countries owing to the absence of proper sewerage system. An inclusive approach of awareness, prevention, and mitigation from global to the local levels is required to overcome this challenging situation in developing countries.

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Drinking Water Treatment and Challenges in Developing Countries

Cited by 43 publications

References 66 publications

Electric Treatment and Regulation of Biotoxic Properties of Drilling Waters

Electric Treatment and Regulation of Biotoxic Properties of Drilling Waters

Investigating use of chlorine dioxide for pre-treatment of raw water from polluted sources at Morton Jaffray Water Treatment Works, Harare, Zimbabwe

SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater: Challenges for developing countries

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