Drift Residues of Air-Applied Carbaryl in an Orchard Environment1

Environmental Fate and Toxicology of Carbaryl

“…Higher concentrations were observed at 76 m downwind (481 µg/ plate) and 12 m upwind (45.9 µg/plate) in the same study. However, it was also noted that all detections decayed to relatively low concentrations within 2 hr after application (< 2 ug/m 3 ; Currier et al 1982) . Airborne carbaryl degrades after reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere (Kao 1994) , with a reaction rate constant of 3.3 × 10 −11 cm 3 /sec (Sun et al 2005) .…”

“…However, carbaryl may become airborne from sorption to particulates or as a spray drift immediately following application. Drift monitoring from aerial spraying at a rate of 2,250 g a.i./ha on a Vermont apple orchard showed concentrations of 0.70-7.20 µg/plate (a 1-mm-thick Teflon sheet covered the 15-cm-diameter Petri plate), which corresponds to 0.4-4.1 g a.i./ha, as far out as 305 m with 8-12 km/hr winds (Currier et al 1982) . Higher concentrations were observed at 76 m downwind (481 µg/ plate) and 12 m upwind (45.9 µg/plate) in the same study.…”

Noticing pesticide spray drift from agricultural pesticide application areas and breast cancer: a case‐control study

“…Pesticides applied through aerial or ground application can drift from their application sites, with measurable concentrations detected in the air, plants and animals up to several hundred metres from application sites. 3,4 A descriptive study in the US using data from reporting systems on pesticide-related events indicated that 53% of acute poisoning cases during 1998-2006 resulted from nonoccupational pesticide drift from outdoor agricultural applications. 5 Furthermore, it has been reported that 31% of acute pesticide illnesses that occurred at US schools were attributable to pesticide drift exposure.…”

Predator-induced stress makes the pesticide carbaryl more deadly to gray treefrog tadpoles ( Hyla versicolor )

“…Ten to 15 million pounds of carbaryl are applied annually in the United States on 200 million acre-treatments (acres treated ϫ number of treatments), including 28 million homes and 31 million gardens (25). Because carbaryl is widely used, it can enter amphibian-containing wetlands through direct aerial spraying, aerial drift, terrestrial runoff, or erosion (26,27). While our study focused on just carbaryl, it is important to note that carbaryl represents only 1 of 21,000 chemical pesticides currently in use (8).…”