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A large number of publications addressing the solidification of glass in molding has been systematized. Different aspects of the effect of the basic composition of glass, diathermancy, time and structural factors on solidification processes are discussed. The workability of glasses and the main conditions for mechanized formation of glass articles are considered as well.The rate of solidification of glass is a critical factor in molding glass articles, which is characterized by viscosity variation with time and can be represented by the following equation:where h is viscosity; t is temperature; and t is time.It can be seen that the solidification rate is determined by viscosity variation depending on temperature and temperature variation with time. Viscosity variation depending on temperature, in turn, is related to the chemical composition of glass, whereas temperature variation with time is related to the cooling conditions. Thus, the rate of solidification of glass depends on the glass composition and the cooling conditions. Below we will consider factors responsible for the rate of solidification of glass, the working characteristics of glass, and the conditions of mechanized formation of glass articles. Main research trends and results will be discussed. More detailed data on the specified published sources, including the earlier ones, is contained in reviews [1 -6].The effect of glass composition on the solidification rate can be split into two directions: the effect of the initial composition and the effect of small colorant additives.The effect of the main composition of glass on the rate of solidification is caused by the impact of individual oxides on glass viscosity. Numerous studies systematized in publications [2, 3] consider the effect of various oxides on glass viscosity and its measurement methods. The identity of the effect of oxides of the basic glass composition on viscosity and solidification rate is also corroborated by certain special studies. Figure 1 gives generalized viscosity variation curves of "long-term" and "short-term" glasses in solidifying.The second direction is related to the effect of pigments on absorption in the IR spectrum range, which has an immediate effect on the rate and uniformity of solidification of tinted glasses. In estimating absorption in the IR spectrum range one usually applies the term "diathermancy." This characteristic of glass is essential for the processes of glass melting and formation of glass articles.Diathermancy of glasses. Systematic research on radiation and absorption in glasses at high temperatures was started by V. M. Dobiash and N. M. Litvinov (1930) and V. Éitel' and V. Lange (1931). The studies of V. Éitel' and V. Lange demonstrated that clear glass has the lowest radiating capacity, whereas colorants introduced into glass to a different extent increase its radiation capacity.The light transmission of clear and tinted glasses in a temperature range of 2 -600°C was investigated in the stu-
A large number of publications addressing the solidification of glass in molding has been systematized. Different aspects of the effect of the basic composition of glass, diathermancy, time and structural factors on solidification processes are discussed. The workability of glasses and the main conditions for mechanized formation of glass articles are considered as well.The rate of solidification of glass is a critical factor in molding glass articles, which is characterized by viscosity variation with time and can be represented by the following equation:where h is viscosity; t is temperature; and t is time.It can be seen that the solidification rate is determined by viscosity variation depending on temperature and temperature variation with time. Viscosity variation depending on temperature, in turn, is related to the chemical composition of glass, whereas temperature variation with time is related to the cooling conditions. Thus, the rate of solidification of glass depends on the glass composition and the cooling conditions. Below we will consider factors responsible for the rate of solidification of glass, the working characteristics of glass, and the conditions of mechanized formation of glass articles. Main research trends and results will be discussed. More detailed data on the specified published sources, including the earlier ones, is contained in reviews [1 -6].The effect of glass composition on the solidification rate can be split into two directions: the effect of the initial composition and the effect of small colorant additives.The effect of the main composition of glass on the rate of solidification is caused by the impact of individual oxides on glass viscosity. Numerous studies systematized in publications [2, 3] consider the effect of various oxides on glass viscosity and its measurement methods. The identity of the effect of oxides of the basic glass composition on viscosity and solidification rate is also corroborated by certain special studies. Figure 1 gives generalized viscosity variation curves of "long-term" and "short-term" glasses in solidifying.The second direction is related to the effect of pigments on absorption in the IR spectrum range, which has an immediate effect on the rate and uniformity of solidification of tinted glasses. In estimating absorption in the IR spectrum range one usually applies the term "diathermancy." This characteristic of glass is essential for the processes of glass melting and formation of glass articles.Diathermancy of glasses. Systematic research on radiation and absorption in glasses at high temperatures was started by V. M. Dobiash and N. M. Litvinov (1930) and V. Éitel' and V. Lange (1931). The studies of V. Éitel' and V. Lange demonstrated that clear glass has the lowest radiating capacity, whereas colorants introduced into glass to a different extent increase its radiation capacity.The light transmission of clear and tinted glasses in a temperature range of 2 -600°C was investigated in the stu-
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