Drainage Canals in Southeast Asian Peatlands Increase Carbon Emissions

Dadap, Nathan; Hoyt, Alison M.; Cobb, Ale×ander R.; Öner, Doruk; Koziński, Mateusz; Fua, Pascal; Rao, K. H.; Harvey, Charles F.; Konings, Alexandra G.

doi:10.1029/2020av000321

Cited by 26 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…Although the degree of artificial drainage varies spatially and in time, we approximated the effects of drainage using a single set of representative parameters, similar to how vegetation with different surface energy exchange characteristics is combined in a single LSM land cover type. The discharge function of PEATCLSM Trop,Drain (see Section 2.2.4 , and Figure 6b ) was developed using information on drainage canals in Southeast Asian peatlands (Dadap et al., 2021 ). This map of drainage canals could be used to develop a spatially varying discharge function for PEATCLSM Trop,Drain , but also to spatially distinguish between natural and drained peatlands using a threshold.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tropical Peatland Hydrology Simulated With a Global Land Surface Model

Apers

Lannoy

Baird

et al. 2022

J Adv Model Earth Syst

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Tropical peatlands are among the most carbon-dense ecosystems on Earth, and their water storage dynamics strongly control these carbon stocks. The hydrological functioning of tropical peatlands differs from that of northern peatlands, which has not yet been accounted for in global land surface models (LSMs). Here, we integrated tropical peat-specific hydrology modules into a global LSM for the first time, by utilizing the peatland-specific model structure adaptation (PEATCLSM) of the NASA Catchment Land Surface Model (CLSM). We developed literature-based parameter sets for natural (PEATCLSM Trop,Nat ) and drained (PEATCLSM Trop,Drain ) tropical peatlands. Simulations with PEATCLSM Trop,Nat were compared against those with the default CLSM version and the northern version of PEATCLSM (PEATCLSM North,Nat ) with tropical vegetation input. All simulations were forced with global meteorological reanalysis input data for the major tropical peatland regions in Central and South America, the Congo Basin, and Southeast Asia. The evaluation against a unique and extensive data set of in situ water level and eddy covariance-derived evapotranspiration showed an overall improvement in bias and correlation compared to the default CLSM version. Over Southeast Asia, an additional simulation with PEATCLSM Trop,Drain was run to address the large fraction of drained tropical peatlands in this region. PEATCLSM Trop,Drain outperformed CLSM, PEATCLSM North,Nat , and PEATCLSM Trop,Nat over drained sites. Despite the overall improvements of PEATCLSM Trop,Nat over CLSM, there are strong differences in performance between the three study regions. We attribute these performance differences to regional differences in accuracy of meteorological forcing data, and differences in peatland hydrologic response that are not yet captured by our model. Plain Language SummaryTropical peatlands are wetlands in which plant material accumulates under waterlogged conditions and develops into a dense organic soil layer. Disturbance of their selfregulating hydrology by external factors such as artificial drainage, land use change, and climate change can quickly convert these immense carbon stocks into strong sources of greenhouse gases. Including the hydrology of tropical peatlands into global Earth system models allows us to understand the impact of such external disturbances. We developed the first hydrology modules for natural and drained tropical peatlands to plug into the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System modeling framework. Our results display strong regional differences, and indicate that the accuracy of our model is limited by rainfall data quality and by our understanding of how peatland hydrology differs across the three regions that contain the major tropical peatland areas (Central and South America, the Congo Basin, and Southeast Asia). Nonetheless, simulations

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the map only represents current drainage canals and doesn't take local canal management into account. Although land use has been mapped over time (Miettinen et al., 2016 ), drainage is not always well‐coordinated with it (Dadap et al., 2021 ), making the drainage map's usefulness for long simulation periods uncertain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tropical Peatland Hydrology Simulated With a Global Land Surface Model

Apers

Lannoy

Baird

et al. 2022

J Adv Model Earth Syst

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“…In combination with the latest measurements of surface water extent from NISAR (also to launch in 2022), and height measurements from modern laser and radar altimeters (e.g., ICESat-2, Sentinel 6 Michael Freilich), the availability of data for surface water studies is rapidly expanding, leading to major breakthroughs (Cooley et al, 2021). The influx of commercial imagery from companies such as Maxar and Planet is also changing this field rapidly by enabling frequent (∼daily), fine spatial (≤3 m) observations of surface water extent (Cooley et al, 2017(Cooley et al, , 2019Dadap et al, 2021), especially in smaller lakes and rivers. The combination of the first dedicated surface water mission (SWOT), widely available fine-resolution optical (SmallSats, Sentinel-2), and radar (NISAR) imagery, and additional spaceborne altimeters (Sentinel 6 Michael Freilich, ICESat-2) mean that a "golden age" of surface water remote sensing is clearly on the horizon.…”

Section: Progress In Hydrologic Remote Sensingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Achieving Breakthroughs in Global Hydrologic Science by Unlocking the Power of Multisensor, Multidisciplinary Earth Observations

et al. 2021

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Over the last half century, remote sensing has transformed hydrologic science. Whereas early efforts were devoted to observation of discrete variables, we now consider spaceborne missions dedicated to interlinked global hydrologic processes. Furthermore, cloud computing and computational techniques are accelerating analyses of these data. How will the hydrologic community use these new resources to better understand the world's water and related challenges facing society? In this commentary, we suggest that optimizing the benefits of remote sensing for advancing hydrologic research will happen by integrating multidisciplinary and multisensor data, leveraging commercial satellite measurements, and employing data assimilation, cloud computing, and machine learning. We provide several recommendations to these ends.

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“…Being utilized extensively for the agricultural sector, such as oil palm plantation with an alarming rate, the uprising risk of C emission in peatland has raised global concern (Wijedasa et al, 2017;Leifeld et al, 2019;Dadap et al, 2021). Recent reports revealed that a large peatland area in the Riau region had been cultivated by oil palm plantations (Ramdani and Hino 2013;Adrianto et al, 2020), ranked Riau as the largest holder and producer of oil palm plantation over the country (BPS, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal litter contribution to total peat respiration from drained tropical peat under mature oil palm plantation

Pulunggono

Siswanto²,

Mubarok³

et al. 2022

J.Degrade.Min.Land Manage.

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The amount of CO2 gas emissions in drained peatland for oil palm cultivation has been widely reported. However, the research addressing the contribution of litter respiration to peat and total respiration and its relationship with several environmental factors is found rare. The aim of this study was to measure peat and heterogeneous litter respiration of drained tropical peat in one year at a distance of 2.25 m and 4.50 m from mature oil palm trees of 14 years using the chamber method (Licor Li-830). In addition to CO2 efflux, we measured other environmental parameters, including peat temperature (10 cm depth), air temperature, groundwater table (GWL), and rainfall. Results showed that the mean total peat respiration (Rt) was 12.06 g CO2 m-2day-1, which consisted of 68% (8.24 g CO2 m-2day-1) peat (Rp) and root (Rr) respiration and 32% (3.84 g CO2 m-2day-1) of litter respiration (Rl) at the distance of 2.25 m from the palm tree. Meanwhile, at a farther distance, the Rt was 12.49 g CO2m-2day-1, the contribution of Rp was 56% (6.78 g CO2 m-2day-1), and Rl was higher than the closest distance (46%; 5.71 g CO2 m-2day-1). Thus, one-year observation resulting the mean Rt and Rr was 0.07–0.08 Mg CO2 ha-1 day-1, while Rl was 0.04–0.06 Mg CO2 ha-1 day-1. The means of Rt, Rp, and Rl were significantly different in the dry season than those recorded in the rainy season. The climatic-related variable such as peat and air temperature were chiefly governing respiration in peat under mature oil palm plantation, whereas the importance of other variables present at particular conditions. This paper provides valuable information concerning respiration in peat, especially for litter contribution and its relationship with environmental factors in peatland, contributing to global CO2 emission.

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Drainage Canals in Southeast Asian Peatlands Increase Carbon Emissions

Cited by 26 publications

References 74 publications

Tropical Peatland Hydrology Simulated With a Global Land Surface Model

Tropical Peatland Hydrology Simulated With a Global Land Surface Model

Achieving Breakthroughs in Global Hydrologic Science by Unlocking the Power of Multisensor, Multidisciplinary Earth Observations

Seasonal litter contribution to total peat respiration from drained tropical peat under mature oil palm plantation

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