Downstream evolution of n-heptane/toluene flames in hot and vitiated coflows

Abstract

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Understanding and Interpreting Laser Diagnostics in Flames: A Review of Experimental Measurement Techniques

“…Particle seeding must be ensured in the both the jet and hot coflow streams to ensure even and unbiased measurements in the mixing region. This requirement to seed particles into the coflow has restricted velocity measurements in JHC burners which generate hot and diluted coflows on porous bed burners (Dally et al, 2002;Medwell et al, 2007Medwell et al, , 2008Ye et al, 2017Ye et al, , 2018Evans et al, 2019b;Kruse et al, 2019). Particle image velocimetry is a planar technique using Mie scattering from particles illuminated by a pair of pulsed lasers separated by a known time interval.…”

“…Temperature measurements in flames in JHC burners have been undertaken using semi-quantitative Rayleigh scattering (Dunn et al, 2007a;Medwell et al, 2007Medwell et al, , 2008Gordon et al, 2008;Ye et al, 2018), Rayleigh-Raman (Cabra et al, 2002(Cabra et al, , 2005Dally et al, 2002;Dunn et al, 2009), CARS (Oldenhof et al, 2010(Oldenhof et al, , 2011Correia Rodrigues et al, 2015a,b), and NTLAF (Evans et al, 2019b;Kruse et al, 2019). Of these techniques, Rayleighbased techniques may only be used in gaseous, soot-and-dropletfree "clean" flames, in cases without significant background scattering: fluorescence or non-linear techniques are required in sooty or particle-or-droplet-laden flames.…”

“…The hot and diluted coflows of JHC flames suppress the formation of soot (Medwell et al, 2008;de Joannon et al, 2012;Ye et al, 2016Ye et al, , 2017Evans et al, 2017bEvans et al, , 2019b. Soot may be suppressed for typically sooty fuels such as ethylene under MILD combustion conditions (Medwell et al, 2008;Evans et al, 2017b).…”

“…Diagnostics for particle or droplet laden flames are therefore required to investigate the behavior of complex fuels in JHC burners. Similarly, although the coflow in JHC burners suppresses soot formation, soot has still been observed in flames fuelled by aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene (Evans et al, 2019b;Kruse et al, 2019). The techniques which can be applied in sooting and particle or droplet laden flames may also be applicable to flames in confined chambers, although this is still restricted by optical access and the validity of underlying assumptions in the technique.…”

Hybrid Solar-MILD Combustion for Renewable Energy Generation

“…Based on the techno-economics work of Lim et al (2016aLim et al ( ,b,c, 2017a, Chinnici et al conducted multiple studies (Chinnici et al, 2017a(Chinnici et al, ,b, 2018a(Chinnici et al, ,b,c, 2019a to investigate design concepts of an experimental HSRC system that can work under a variety of fuels, is suitable to hybridization with CSR and achieves equivalent high thermal efficiency for all three modes of operation. Chinnici et al (2018a) proposed the use of MILD combustion (de Joannon et al, 2012;Evans et al, 2017Evans et al, , 2019 in the cavity due to its stability, fuel flexibility, efficient use of low-carbon and carbon-free, renewable fuels (Derudi et al, 2007;Parente et al, 2008;Ayoub et al, 2012), low emission and enhanced and semi-homogenous heat transfer. This paper provides a review of the different findings from the experimental and computational research into optimizing the HSRC design and evaluating its performance under different fuels and operating conditions.…”