Dough Rheological Behavior and Microstructure Characterization of Composite Dough with Wheat and Tomato Seed Flours

Abstract

The rheological and microstructural aspects of the dough samples prepared from wheat flour and different levels of tomato seed flour (TSF) were investigated by rheology methods through the Mixolab device, dynamic rheology and epifluorescence light microscopy (EFLM). The Mixolab results indicated that replacing wheat flour with TSF increased dough development time, stability, and viscosity during the initial heating-cooling cycle and decreased alpha amylase activity. The dynamic rheological data showed that the storage modulus G' and loss modulus G" increased with the level of TSF addition. Creep-recovery tests of the samples indicated that dough elastic recovery was in a high percentage after stress removal for all the samples in which TSF was incorporated in wheat flour. Using EFLM all the samples seemed homogeneous showing a compact dough matrix structure. The parameters measured with Mixolab during mixing were in agreement with the dynamic rheological data and in accordance with the EFLM structure images. These results are useful for bakery producers in order to develop new products in which tomato seed flour may be incorporated especially for wheat flours of a good quality for bread making and high wet gluten content. The addition of TSF may have a strength effect on the dough system and will increase the nutritional value of the bakery products.2 of 15 are used in animal feed or as soil fertilizers [11]. However, today there is an increasing trend of using this by-product as a source of functional components in different products knowing that the tomato pomace is a rich source of valuable compounds which can be recovered and used in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries as natural ingredients [12,13]. In the chemical composition of tomato pomace high level of total dietary fibers, proteins, fats and medium amounts of ash are found [14].The peel and seed by-products of tomato pomace represents approximately 20-50 g·kg −1 of the initial weight of tomatoes and can be used individually or combined [14]. Regarding the combined utilization, the literature reports that, due to the significant amounts of bioactive phytochemicals from tomato pomace, it can be used as natural antioxidants for the formulation of functional foods, or as additives in food systems to extend their shelf-life [15][16][17]. Other studies showed that tomato pomace can be considered a good source of some macroelements, such as potassium, manganese and calcium and microelements, i.e., copper and zinc, which are cofactors of the antioxidant enzymes [15]. As individual part of by products, many studies [16][17][18][19] highlighted the possibility of using the tomato peels as a source of carotenoids and antioxidants to enrich various foods products or to produce new functional ones. The other part of tomato by-product, tomato seeds, account for approximately 10% of the fruit and 60% of the total by-product and contain a high amount for protein, fat and mineral elements such as potassium, calcium, iron, manganese, zinc and copper [14,20]. To...

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“…The pure elastic component ( G 0 ) in the creep phase is 1.7 and 2.8 times higher for wet gluten and dough, respectively, when 5% of CCPP was added to flour, compared with the controls. Similar trends were found by Mironaesa and collaborators [ 15 ] using grape peel fiber of different sizes on wheat dough rheology, in which the compliance associated with the pure elastic element decreased. Another study evaluated the effect of incorporating tomato seed flour in dough samples, finding that the pure elastic element’s compliance decreased with the increased addition of tomato seed flour [ 15 ].…”

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