Double Burden of Deprivation and High Concentrations of Ambient Air Pollution at the Neighbourhood Scale in Montreal, Canada

The application of three methods to measure the statistical association between different social groups and the concentration of air pollutants in Montreal: A case of environmental equity

“…In particular, our results for each group corroborate those reported by Crouse et al (2009b) at the level of census tracts in Montreal. In addition, we offer a broader view of the environmental equity diagnosis for these four groups by considering multiple exposure estimates, while other studies generally use only one indicator to evaluate a situation of inequity.…”

“…In Canada, however, with the exception of Latin Americans in Hamilton, Buzzelli andJerrett (2004, 2007) found no relationship between the proportions of ethnic minorities and concentrations of ambient pollution in the cities of Hamilton and Toronto. In a previous study in Montreal, Crouse et al (2009b) found only weak positive associations between exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and the percentage of visible minorities at the census tract level. Despite their physiological vulnerability to exposure to air pollution, the categories of children and the elderly have been addressed less often in environmental equity studies.…”

Air pollution, deprivation and health: understanding relationships to add value to local air quality management policy and practice in Wales, UK

“…In the US, Canada and New Zealand, higher air pollution levels have been reported in socioeconomically-disadvantaged compared with less-deprived communities. [33][34][35][36][37][38] However, the situation in Europe appears to be less straightforward; findings from studies across Europe have generated mixed results. [39][40][41][42][43][44][45] In the UK, Walker et al previously reported findings that are consistent with those of this study, that both 'most' and 'least' deprived areas were disproportionately affected by high NO2 concentrations.…”

Identifying inequitable exposure to toxic air pollution in racialized and low-income neighbourhoods to support pollution prevention

“…Land use patterns and housing affordability are two converging factors that may help explain why individuals with low socio-economic status are differentially exposed to the potential health impacts of large industrial facilities (Crouse et al, 2009). Poorer individuals from segregated minority groups may be doubly disadvantaged in the housing market and may be forced to reside in the most disadvantaged neighbourhoods (Fong and Shibuya, 2000).…”

“…While some Canadian research suggests that inequities may exist in terms of exposure to ambient air pollution (Buzzelli and Jerrett, 2004;Crouse et al, 2009), there is little information characterising the populations living in proximity to industrial polluters in Canada. One such study identified 17 neighbourhoods within the City of Toronto, Canada that had both a high mass of air emissions and a poverty rate above the national average of 11.8%, but the authors did not consider the toxicity of emissions (Rang et al, 2008).…”