The application of three methods to measure the statistical association between different social groups and the concentration of air pollutants in Montreal: A case of environmental equity

Carrier, Mathieu; Apparicio, Philippe; Séguin, Anne‐Marie; Crouse, Dan L.

doi:10.1016/j.trd.2014.05.001

Cited by 32 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 68 publications

(88 reference statements)

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“…Similar results have also been obtained in Canada (Carrier et al 2014;Jerrett et al 2007;Sider et al, 2013), the United Kingdom (Briggs, Abellan, and Fecht 2008;Mitchell 2005;Mitchell and Dorling 2003), New Zealand (Kingham, Pearce, and Zawar-Reza 2007), Germany (Schikowski et al 2008), Finland (Rotko et al 1999), France (Havard et al 2009) and Norway (Naess et al 2007). However, the link between air pollutant levels and the distribution of ethnic or racial groups seems to be less clear, and tends to vary in different geographic contexts (Pastor, Sadd, and Hipp 2001;Ringquist 1997) Grineski et al (2015) and Chakraborty et al (2014) also found that neighborhoods in Houston characterized by a higher presence of Hispanic residents and a lower percentage of homeowners faced a significantly greater exposure to both chronic and acute pollution risks.…”

Section: Environmental Nuisancessupporting

confidence: 69%

“…However, studies performed in Canada have obtained contradictory results, which, it should be noted, are based on different variables related to immigration than those used in the U.S. studies. In Montreal, a positive and significant relationship was observed between the proportion of visible minorities and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) concentrations (Carrier et al 2014;. In Toronto, on the other hand, the results of Buzelli and Jerrett (2007) showed a significant and negative relationship between the percentage of recent immigrants and NO 2 concentrations.…”

Section: Environmental Nuisancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Once the indicators had been generated on the scale of city blocks, we used various statistical tests to check for the existence of environmental inequities on the level of each component of the urban environment for our four target groups (Briggs, Abellan, and Fecht 2008;Carrier et al 2014;Pham et al 2012). These statistical tests are as follows: 1) a T-test for the extreme quintiles (quintile 1 compared with quintile 5 of the percentage of low-income individuals, for example).…”

Section: Statistical Tests Usedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The dependent variables in this model refer to each of the indicators of the urban environment and to their cumulative effect, whereas the independent variables refer to the proportions of each of the four population groups studied. Spatial regression models are often used in environmental equity studies, especially in regard to air pollution (Carrier et al 2014;Chakraborty 2009), road traffic noise (Carrier, Apparicio, and Séguin 2016;Nega et al 2013), and vegetation Pham et al 2012). The spatial regression analyses were computed in R by using the spdep library (Bivand 2013).…”

Section: Statistical Tests Usedmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Application of a Global Environmental Equity Index in Montreal: Diagnostic and Further Implications

Carrier

Apparicio

Kestens

et al. 2016

Annals of the American Association of Geographers

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Urban living environments are known to influence human well-being and health. The literature on environmental equity focuses especially on the distribution of nuisances and resources, which, because of the unequal spatial distribution of different social groups, leads to an increased exposure to risks or to less access to beneficial elements for certain populations. Little work has been done on the multidimensionality of different environmental burdens and the lack of resources in some urban environments. This paper has two main objectives. The first objective is to construct an environmental equity index that takes into consideration seven components of the urban environment (traffic-related pollutants, proximity to major roads and to highways, vegetation, access to parks, access to supermarkets, and the urban heat island effect). The second objective is to determine whether groups vulnerable to different nuisances-namely, individuals under 15 years old and the elderly-and those who tend to be located in the most problematic areas according to the environmental justice literaturei.e. visible minorities and low-income populations-are affected by environmental inequities associated with the application of the composite index at the city block level. The results obtained by using four statistical techniques show that, on the Island of Montreal, low-income persons and, to a lesser extent, visible minorities are more frequently located in city blocks close to major roads, and with higher concentrations of NO 2 and less vegetation. Finally, the environmental equity index is significantly lower in areas with high concentrations of low-income populations in comparison with the wealthiest areas.

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Section: Environmental Nuisancessupporting

confidence: 69%

Section: Environmental Nuisancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Statistical Tests Usedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Statistical Tests Usedmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Application of a Global Environmental Equity Index in Montreal: Diagnostic and Further Implications

Carrier

Apparicio

Kestens

et al. 2016

Annals of the American Association of Geographers

Self Cite

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“…Furthermore, the impacts and benefits of transportation systems are often unevenly distributed across regions and population groups [10]. Namely, low-income individuals are more likely to experience higher levels of exposure to car-related nuisances [11,12] and might face greater barriers to accessibility given the financial and location constraints they experience [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opening the door to social equity: local and participatory approaches to transportation planning in Montreal

Boisjoly

2017

Eur. Transp. Res. Rev.

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Purpose Transportation systems play a key role in providing individuals with a diversity of means to access their desired destinations and have significant impacts on their quality of life. The social perspective of mobility is, however, marginalized in the current model of transportation planning and significant changes are called for. This study aims to identify the barriers and opportunities of local participatory approaches to trigger changes in transportation planning in Montreal, drawing on the concept of social learning. Methods A case study approach is selected and the participatory processes of two Local Transportation Plans (LTPs) are analysed. Data is collected through document analysis and semi-structured interviews with local transport planners and representatives of community groups. A qualitative content analysis is conducted to assess the outcomes of public participation, the quality of the processes and the perspectives of participants.Results The results highlight the narrow contribution of the participation of local communities and community groups in the development of LTPs. Furthermore, the participatory process assessed in this research allows for a limited integration of social aspects in the planning process. The main barriers lie in the broader planning context and the organizational structure at the borough level as well as the lack of expertise of the community groups. Nevertheless, LTPs provide a window of opportunity for addressing transport-related social aspects. Conclusion In order to take advantage of this opportunity and foster social learning towards the desired changes, the process requires the inclusion of clear social equity goals at the metropolitan level. Furthermore, the presence of a skilled facilitator is key to support the integration of diverse perspectives on transportation planning. It is also essential to provide community groups with resources to meaningfully participate in the process, thereby promoting social equity. In sum, LTPs have the potential to further include the social dimension of transport, but further steps are required to foster an equitable and sustainable transportation system. This research is of relevance to researchers and planners wishing to better understand the challenges associated with participatory processes and social equity in transport planning.

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When Space and Time Matter in Environmental Injustice: A Bayesian Analysis of the Association between Socio-economic Disadvantage and Air Pollution in Greater Mexico City

Lome-Hurtado,

Touza,

White

et al. 2023

Environmental Management

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The application of three methods to measure the statistical association between different social groups and the concentration of air pollutants in Montreal: A case of environmental equity

Cited by 32 publications

References 68 publications

Application of a Global Environmental Equity Index in Montreal: Diagnostic and Further Implications

Application of a Global Environmental Equity Index in Montreal: Diagnostic and Further Implications

Opening the door to social equity: local and participatory approaches to transportation planning in Montreal

When Space and Time Matter in Environmental Injustice: A Bayesian Analysis of the Association between Socio-economic Disadvantage and Air Pollution in Greater Mexico City

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