Dose-Response Modelling of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) in Humans

Arnich, Nathalie; Thébault, Anne

doi:10.3390/toxins10040141

Cited by 28 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…[ 14 ]. Recently, the PST critical minimal dose has been re-estimated at 0.37 µg STX equivalents/kg b.w., with at least 10% of consumers exposed to this dose suffering PSP symptoms, regardless of the severity [ 15 ]. The authors discuss that an over-estimation of the risk is possible owed to reporting bias in detriment of non-symptomatic individuals, which are critical for a more reliable estimation of the risk.…”

Section: Saxitoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Human Poisoning from Marine Toxins: Unknowns for Optimal Consumer Protection

Vilariño

Louzao

Abal

et al. 2018

Toxins

113

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Marine biotoxins are produced by aquatic microorganisms and accumulate in shellfish or finfish following the food web. These toxins usually reach human consumers by ingestion of contaminated seafood, although other exposure routes like inhalation or contact have also been reported and may cause serious illness. This review shows the current data regarding the symptoms of acute intoxication for several toxin classes, including paralytic toxins, amnesic toxins, ciguatoxins, brevetoxins, tetrodotoxins, diarrheic toxins, azaspiracids and palytoxins. The information available about chronic toxicity and relative potency of different analogs within a toxin class are also reported. The gaps of toxicological knowledge that should be studied to improve human health protection are discussed. In general, gathering of epidemiological data in humans, chronic toxicity studies and exploring relative potency by oral administration are critical to minimize human health risks related to these toxin classes in the near future.

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Section: Saxitoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent estimations suggest that the minimal dose for moderate and severe PSP poisoning in more than 10% of the individuals would be around 5.16 and 82.2 µg STX equivalents/kg b.w. respectively [ 15 ]. Amounts of 1–4 mg of STX are potentially lethal to humans [ 10 ].…”

Section: Saxitoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Poisoning from Marine Toxins: Unknowns for Optimal Consumer Protection

Vilariño

Louzao

Abal

et al. 2018

Toxins

113

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“…For this purpose, the ANSES database on paralytic shellfish poisoning available was used. The database contains raw data from 143 exposed individuals from 13 studies for the dose-response relationship of saxitoxins in humans with predicted probabilities of symptoms and reflect inter-individual variability in such dose response as illustrated in Figure 17 (Arnich and Thébault, 2018).…”

Section: Marine Biotoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling human variability in toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic processes using Bayesian meta‐analysis, physiologically‐based modelling and in vitro systems

Testai

Béchaux

Buratti

et al. 2021

EFSA Supporting Publications

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This external scientific report summarises the results from the article 36 grant GA/EFSA/SCER/2015/01 "Modelling human variability in toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic processes using Bayesian meta-analysis, physiologically-based (PB) modelling and in vitro systems". Extensive literature searches, data collection and modelling of human variability in toxicokinetics (TK) (phase I, Phase II enzymes and transporters) and toxicodynamics (TD) are summarised and further elaborated in supplementary material and EFSA knowledge junction, open source databases (MS Excel) and peer reviewed publications (objective 1 and 2). In addition, in vitro TK and TD information from laboratory studies and literature searches are summarised for a range of case studies relevant to EFSA including pesticides (i.e. triflumuron, chlorpyrifos, phosmet), natural toxins (e.g. microcystin variants, mycotoxins), food additives and polyphenols (i.e. resveratrol, tyrosol), food additives as well as drugs (i.e. amiodarone). These include isoform-specific metabolism and kinetic parameters for single chemicals and inhibition constants for multiple chemicals (TK) and identification of molecular targets (TD). Finally, generic quantitative in vitro in vivo extrapolation (QIVIVE) models, PB-kinetic (PBK) and PBK-dynamic (PBKD) models were developed in the R freeware, calibrated and validated using case studies for single and multiple chemicals. Supplementary material and model codes are available on EFSA knowledge junction. The results are in line with EFSA priorities for the implementation of the use of new approach methodologies (NAMs) for human risk assessment (RA) of chemicals and the need to develop open source TK TD databases data and PB-K and PB-KD models have been identified as key steps of this process. Future perspectives are discussed including the integration of pathway-related variability and generic human QIVIVE and PB-K models and PB-K-D models into TKplate, a Toxicokinetic Modelling Platform under development in EFSA.

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“…The acute health risks from marine PSTs following the consumption of contaminated shellfish has been long-established [47][48][49][50]. Regulatory limits for total PSTs in shellfish are 80 µg STX eq./100 g of shellfish tissue, and these limits are widely adopted in the European Union, Australia, Canada, and the USA [78]. These guidelines were designed from studies evaluating the effects of acute exposure to toxins rather than chronic or sub-chronic exposure, which is an important route of exposure in freshwater systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Limnological Differences in a Two-Basin Lake Help to Explain the Occurrence of Anatoxin-a, Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins, and Microcystins

Smith

Conroe²,

Schulz

et al. 2020

Toxins

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Chautauqua Lake, New York, is a two-basin lake with a deeper, cooler, and less nutrient-rich Northern Basin, and a warmer, shallower, nutrient-replete Southern Basin. The lake is populated by a complex mixture of cyanobacteria, with toxigenic strains that produce microcystins, anatoxins, and paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins (PSTs). Samples collected from 24 sites were analyzed for these three toxin classes over four years spanning 2014–2017. Concentrations of the three toxin groups varied widely both within and between years. During the study, the mean and median concentrations of microcystins, anatoxin-a, and PSTs were 91 and 4.0 μg/L, 0.62 and 0.33 μg/L, and 32 and 16 μg/L, respectively. Dihydro-anatoxin was only detected once in Chautauqua Lake, while homo-anatoxin was never detected. The Northern Basin had larger basin-wide higher biomass blooms with higher concentrations of toxins relative to the more eutrophied Southern Basin, however blooms in the North Basin were infrequent. Chlorophyll concentrations and toxins in the two basins were correlated with different sets of environmental and physical parameters, suggesting that implementing controls to reduce toxin loads may require applications focused on more than reductions in cyanobacterial bloom density (e.g., reduction of phosphorus inputs), and that lake limnological factors and morphology are important determinants in the selection of an appropriate management strategy. Chautauqua Lake is a drinking water source and is also heavily used for recreation. Drinking water from Chautauqua Lake is unlikely to be a significant source of exposure to cyanotoxins due to the location of the intakes in the deeper North Basin, where there were generally low concentrations of toxins in open water; however, toxin levels in many blooms exceeded the US Environmental Protection Agency’s recreational guidelines for exposure to cyanotoxins. Current cyanotoxin monitoring in Chautauqua Lake is focused on microcystins. However, the occurrence of blooms containing neurotoxic cyanotoxins in the absence of the microcystins indicates this restricted monitoring may not be sufficient when aiming to protect against exposure to cyanotoxins. The lake has a large number of tourist visitors; thus, special care should be taken to prevent recreational exposure within this group.

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Dose-Response Modelling of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) in Humans

Cited by 28 publications

References 24 publications

Human Poisoning from Marine Toxins: Unknowns for Optimal Consumer Protection

Human Poisoning from Marine Toxins: Unknowns for Optimal Consumer Protection

Modelling human variability in toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic processes using Bayesian meta‐analysis, physiologically‐based modelling and in vitro systems

Limnological Differences in a Two-Basin Lake Help to Explain the Occurrence of Anatoxin-a, Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins, and Microcystins

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