Doppler Ultrasound Technology for Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring: A Review

Hamelmann, Paul; Vullings, Rik; Kolen, Alexander F.; Bergmans, J.W.M.; Laar, Judith O E H van; Tortoli, Piero; Mischi, Massimo

doi:10.1109/tuffc.2019.2943626

Cited by 66 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 117 publications

(157 reference statements)

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“…The authors of [52] introduced a PPG system for fetal heart rate monitoring involving a bandpass filter (BFP) in the range of 710-740 Hz from the abdomen of the mother, a cut-off frequency of the reference signal kept at 15 Hz, and the signal is downsampled to 55 Hz, followed by a bandpass filter of 0. The FECG signals were captured invasively using PPG electrodes, and the experiment procedure and signal processing successfully removed the noise and maternal artefacts from the FECG signal [52,58].…”

Section: Photoplethysmography (Ppg)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Invasive Fetal Electrocardiogram Monitoring Techniques: Potential and Future Research Opportunities in Smart Textiles

Aggarwal

Wei

2021

Signals

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During the pregnancy, fetal electrocardiogram (FECG) is deployed to analyze fetal heart rate (FHR) of the fetus to indicate the growth and health of the fetus to determine any abnormalities and prevent diseases. The fetal electrocardiogram monitoring can be carried out either invasively by placing the electrodes on the scalp of the fetus, involving the skin penetration and the risk of infection, or non-invasively by recording the fetal heart rate signal from the mother’s abdomen through a placement of electrodes deploying portable, wearable devices. Non-invasive fetal electrocardiogram (NIFECG) is an evolving technology in fetal surveillance because of the comfort to the pregnant women and being achieved remotely, specifically in the unprecedented circumstances such as pandemic or COVID-19. Textiles have been at the heart of human technological progress for thousands of years, with textile developments closely tied to key inventions that have shaped societies. The relatively recent invention of smart textiles is set to push boundaries again and has already opened the potential for garments relevant to medicine, and health monitoring. This paper aims to discuss the different technologies and methods used in non-invasive fetal electrocardiogram (NIFECG) monitoring as well as the potential and future research directions of NIFECG in the smart textiles area.

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Section: Photoplethysmography (Ppg)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Invasive Fetal Electrocardiogram Monitoring Techniques: Potential and Future Research Opportunities in Smart Textiles

Aggarwal

Wei

2021

Signals

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“…The range of ultrasonic radar is not interrupted like IR sensors [6]. High-impact application of ultrasonic radar includes tracking of heartbeats [7] and evaluation of group velocity [8], tracking a large area and wireless distance measuring [9], and obstacle detection in robotics [6].…”

Section: Fig 1 Outfit Ultrasonic Radar and How It Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moving Object Detection Using Ultrasonic Radar with Proper Distance, Direction, and Object Shape Analysis

Biswas

Abedin²,

Kabir³

2020

JISEBI

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Background: In its early development, radar (radio detection and ranging) was primarily used by the navy, the military, and the aviation services, as well as space organizations for security and monitoring purposes. Nowadays, the demand of radar is expanding. Research has been conducted to overcome the limitations of radar.Objective: One of the current limitations to detect moving object. The current paper aims to fill the gap in the literature by using a radar system in the identification of moving object, capturing the distance, direction, radar pulse duration and object shape simultaneously. Velocity or the object’s speed towards or away from the radar was determined by using an algorithm to obtain the precision.Methods: The accuracy of distance measurement and angle is ensured by comparing the real values and the values obtained by the radar. The objects under study consist of metal and non-metal. Novelty of this work is the accurate detection of moving objects with suitable algorithms using only one Arduino UNO and one ultrasonic sensor.Results: The experiment design yielded much better efficiency than previous works. The proposed method predicted the exact speed of the object detected by the radar system. The experiment has successfully proven the accuracy of moving object sensor.Conclusion: Besides proper distance and velocity, a large set of data was taken to find the accuracy of the radar for objects of different shapes. For a cylindrical object, the radar provided 100% efficiency in a constant environment when the object was 5 cm away. The accuracy decreased to 30% when the distance was 17 cm away. The limitation of this system is that it was unable to detect small object or if the object was very close (1 cm).

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“…All of these makes practically impossible to indicate points equivalent to the R-waves in FECG [38]. Therefore, for FHR determination based on the US signal, correlation methods considering the full impulse shape are used [33,35,[39][40][41][42].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Identification of the heartbeat occurrence, based on a simple peak detection in looking for characteristic component, is very inaccurate due to its variable shape [ 23 , 34 ]. In addition, any interfering impulses of sufficiently high amplitude can be identified as successive beats [ 23 , 35 , 36 , 37 ]. All of these makes practically impossible to indicate points equivalent to the R-waves in FECG [ 38 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Method for Beat-to-Beat Fetal Heart Rate Measurement Using Doppler Ultrasound Signal

Kupka

Matonia

Jeżewski

et al. 2020

Sensors

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The most commonly used method of fetal monitoring is based on heart activity analysis. Computer-aided fetal monitoring system enables extraction of clinically important information hidden for visual interpretation—the instantaneous fetal heart rate (FHR) variability. Today’s fetal monitors are based on monitoring of mechanical activity of the fetal heart by means of Doppler ultrasound technique. The FHR is determined using autocorrelation methods, and thus it has a form of evenly spaced—every 250 ms—instantaneous measurements, where some of which are incorrect or duplicate. The parameters describing a beat-to-beat FHR variability calculated from such a signal show significant errors. The aim of our research was to develop new analysis methods that will both improve an accuracy of the FHR determination and provide FHR representation as time series of events. The study was carried out on simultaneously recorded (during labor) Doppler ultrasound signal and the reference direct fetal electrocardiogram Two subranges of Doppler bandwidths were separated to describe heart wall movements and valve motions. After reduction of signal complexity by determining the Doppler ultrasound envelope, the signal was analyzed to determine the FHR. The autocorrelation method supported by a trapezoidal prediction function was used. In the final stage, two different methods were developed to provide signal representation as time series of events: the first using correction of duplicate measurements and the second based on segmentation of instantaneous periodicity measurements. Thus, it ensured the mean heart interval measurement error of only 1.35 ms. In a case of beat-to-beat variability assessment the errors ranged from −1.9% to −10.1%. Comparing the obtained values to other published results clearly confirms that the new methods provides a higher accuracy of an interval measurement and a better reliability of the FHR variability estimation.

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Doppler Ultrasound Technology for Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring: A Review

Cited by 66 publications

References 117 publications

Non-Invasive Fetal Electrocardiogram Monitoring Techniques: Potential and Future Research Opportunities in Smart Textiles

Non-Invasive Fetal Electrocardiogram Monitoring Techniques: Potential and Future Research Opportunities in Smart Textiles

Moving Object Detection Using Ultrasonic Radar with Proper Distance, Direction, and Object Shape Analysis

New Method for Beat-to-Beat Fetal Heart Rate Measurement Using Doppler Ultrasound Signal

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