Doppler sonography of the normal lacrimal gland

Bilgili, Yasemin Karadeniz; Taner, Pelin; Ünal, Birsen; Simsir, Ilknur; Kara, Simay; Bayram, Merih; Alıcıoğlu, Banu

doi:10.1002/jcu.20096

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…All procedures of CDFI were performed in strict accordance with the standard process and previous research methods (Bilgili et al, 2005 ; Lecler et al, 2017 ). The CDFI was performed when patients were supine with eyelids closed.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lacrimal region (superolateral margin of the orbit) was scanned obliquely, with a scanning plane almost parallel to the anterior outline of the orbit, and using part of the ocular globe as an acoustic window. The lacrimal artery has proved to be an optimal landmark to identify the gland (Bilgili et al, 2005 ). As the LG was identified, the scanning plane was oriented to view its longest diameter.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the present study, we aim to investigate the morphology and blood flow status changes in LG of patients with type 2 diabetes by color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI) (Bilgili et al, 2005;Lecler et al, 2017). To better understand the potential biomarkers and mechanisms for diabetic lacrimal lesion, lacrimal angiopathy, diabetes, and other metabolic diseases, we established the type 2 diabetic mice model and FIGURE 1 | Schematic diagram of the study.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Revealing the Angiopathy of Lacrimal Gland Lesion in Type 2 Diabetes

et al. 2021

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For a better understanding of diabetic angiopathy (DA), the potential biomarkers in lacrimal DA and its potential mechanism, we evaluated the morphological and hemodynamic alterations of lacrimal glands (LGs) in patients with type 2 diabetes and healthy counterparts by color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI). We further established a type 2 diabetic mice model and performed hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, immunofluorescence staining of CD31, RNA-sequencing analysis, and connectivity map (CMap) analysis. We found atrophy and ischemia in patients with type 2 diabetes and mice models. Furthermore, we identified 846 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and vehicle mice by RNA-seq. The gene ontology (GO) analysis indicated significant enrichment of immune system process, regulation of blood circulation, apoptotic, regulation of secretion, regulation of blood vessel diameter, and so on. The molecular complex detection (MCODE) showed 17 genes were involved in the most significant module, and 6/17 genes were involved in vascular disorders. CytoHubba revealed the top 10 hub genes of DEGs, and four hub genes (App, F5, Fgg, and Gas6) related to vascular regulation were identified repeatedly by MCODE and cytoHubba. GeneMANIA analysis demonstrated functions of the four hub genes above and their associated molecules were primarily related to the regulation of circulation and coagulation. CMap analysis found several small molecular compounds to reverse the altered DEGs, including disulfiram, bumetanide, genistein, and so on. Our outputs could empower the novel potential targets to treat lacrimal angiopathy, diabetes dry eye, and other diabetes-related diseases.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Revealing the Angiopathy of Lacrimal Gland Lesion in Type 2 Diabetes

et al. 2021

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“…The gland is located deep to the orbital ligament [13]. The LG has been described in humans, rabbits, cattle, and camels as bilobed [8,12,14-17]; other mammals, including the dog, have a single-lobed gland [18,19]. In dogs, the lacrimal gland is ventral to the M. rectus dorsalis and M. levator palpebrae superioris, superficial to the M. rectus lateralis, and dorsal to the M. rectus ventralis [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computed tomographic imaging characteristics of the normal canine lacrimal glands

2014

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BackgroundThe canine lacrimal gland (LG) and accessory lacrimal gland of the third eyelid (TEG) are responsible for production of the aqueous portion of the precorneal tear film. Immune-mediated, toxic, neoplastic, or infectious processes can affect the glands directly or can involve adjacent tissues, with secondary gland involvement. Disease affecting these glands can cause keratoconjunctivitis sicca, corneal ulcers, and loss of vision. Due to their location in the orbit, these small structures are difficult to evaluate and measure, making cross-sectional imaging an important diagnostic tool. The detailed cross-sectional imaging appearance of the LG and TEG in dogs using computed tomography (CT) has not been reported to date.ResultsForty-two dogs were imaged, and the length, width, and height were measured and the volume calculated for the LGs & TEGs. The glands were best visualized in contrast-enhanced CT images. The mean volume of the LG was 0.14 cm3 and the TEG was 0.1 cm3. The mean height, width, and length of the LG were, 9.36 mm, 4.29 mm, and 9.35 mm, respectively; the corresponding values for the TEG was 2.02 mm, 9.34 mm, and 7.90 mm. LG and TEG volume were positively correlated with body weight (p < 0.05).ConclusionsContrast-enhanced CT is a valuable tool for noninvasive assessment of canine lacrimal glands.

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“…Jedoch beschränkte man sich bisher mehr auf den Augapfel selbst (Mettenleitner 1995, Gevelhoff 1996, Reese 1999, List 2002, Cronau et al 2008. Mittels Ultraschall wurde zwar immer wieder der Retrobulbär-raum untersucht, dabei aber der Tränendrüse keine Beach- (Bellone et al 1973, Jedrzynski et al 1994, Giovagnorio et al 2000, Bilgili et al 2005 Über die Biopsie der Tränendrüse sind bis heute in der veterinärmedizinischen Literatur keine Angaben zu finden. Im Bereich der Humanophthalmologie ist die Feinnadelaspiration die Methode der Wahl die (Kennerdell et al 1979und 1985, Boccato et al 1991, Boccato et al 1998, Tijil und Koornneef 1991, Lakhey et al 2001, Sturgis et al 2001.…”

Section: Diskussionunclassified

The examination of the equine lacrimal gland

Schneider¹,

Gerhards²

2011

PHK

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ZusammenfassungDie klinische Untersuchung der Tränendrüse beim Pferd ist bisher kaum beschrieben. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, einen systematischen, möglichst vollständigen, minimalinvasiven Untersuchungsgang für die equine Tränendrüse zu entwickeln. Die Untersuchungsschritte beinhalten Adspektion und Palpation der Tränendrüsenregion sowie die Untersuchung der Tränendrüse mittels Ultraschall (7, The examination of the equine lacrimal glandThe clinical examination of the equine lacrimal gland is only poorly documented as yet. The goal of this paper was to develop a thorough and complete clinical minimal invasive examination protocol for examination of the equine lacrimal gland. This includes inspection of the dorsotemporal region of the upper eye lid, transconjunctival palpation and ultrasonographic examination of the lacrimal gland with a 7,5 MHz probe. As further imaging techniques for the evaluation of the lacrimal gland computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance tomography (MRT) are described. Finally, a minimal invasive biopsy technique for the lacrimal glands was developed. Forty horses of different age, gender and breeds were subjected to an ophthalmologic examination of both eyes, and were, when ophthalmologically normal, evaluated for lacrimal gland disorders, beginning with inspection and digital palpation in the standing horse. The texture of the anterior rim of the gland could be palpated and evaluated for possible pain, swelling, and foreign body. This was followed by a transpalpebral sonographic examination of both lacrimal glands with the ultrasound probe placed on the lower eye lid and directed dorso-temporally upward. This was well tolerated by the unsedated horses. Using this technique, the mean thickness of the gland was 3.2 mm in the left, and 3.3 mm in the right eye. In two patients with thickened lacrimal glands both were more than 10 mm thick. MRT was superior to CT examination of the gland tissue, as MRT showed more details of the soft tissue structure of the gland even in its position below the bony zygomatic arch of the frontal bone. Disadvantages are the need for general anesthesia for these examinations. Furthermore, a transconjunctival biopsy technique using an 18 G (1.2 x 152 mm) soft tissue biopsy needle that was manually curved to fit to the concave ventral contour of the lacrimal glandular fossa of the bony orbit and to enable the introduction of the needle between the globe and the bony orbit. Twentyeight biopsy specimens were taken from freshly euthanatized horses and were compared with specimens of the whole lacrimal gland. It was found that the results of the histological evaluation of the biopsy specimens were comparable to those of the specimens from the whole lacrimal gland. In two patients with severe swelling of the upper eye lid and severe chronic epiphora due to a swelling of the lacrimal gland needle biopsies could successfully be obtained transconjunctively under general anesthesia, rendering transpalpebral biopsy unnecessary. Since 2008, systematic histo...

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Doppler sonography of the normal lacrimal gland

Abstract: The PI and RI of the lacrimal gland are similar in both sexes. Moreover, they are not altered by changes in levels of sex steroids.

Cited by 9 publications

References 21 publications

Revealing the Angiopathy of Lacrimal Gland Lesion in Type 2 Diabetes

Revealing the Angiopathy of Lacrimal Gland Lesion in Type 2 Diabetes

Computed tomographic imaging characteristics of the normal canine lacrimal glands

The examination of the equine lacrimal gland

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