“…(2) the emission linewidth ,u.; (3) the barrier height which affects the carrier confinement; (4) the amount of light absorption; and (5) the 1-V curve. In addition, the refractive index, which depends on x, can affect ( 1) the degree of optical confinement waveguiding (at the active layer), and (2) the critical angle at which the light is emitted at the surface.…”