Dopamine‐Capped Silver Nanoparticles as a Colorimetric Probe for On‐Site Detection of Cyclosporine

Abstract

Cyclosporine is an immunosuppressant drug used in organ transplants or for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. It has a narrow therapeutic index indicating that there is not a large difference between the therapeutic and amounts associated with adverse effects; so, dosage individualization by measuring the cyclosporine is necessary for desirable clinical outcomes. We implemented and validated a simple, sensitive, and selective method using spectrophotometry to determine cyclosporine levels in human plasma as well as in drug formulation. Cyclosporine was determined with minimal pretreatment from biological complex samples. This method was validated in terms of linearity, selectivity, accuracy, precision, and recovery. The method is linear in the range of 0.17-0.85 μM with correlation coefficient values of 0.99 for plasma samples. The precision and the accuracy values were lower than 15% according to Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guideline. This method was successfully applied to find out cyclosporine concentration in two patients following oral administration as well as in drug formulation for quality control aims.[a] Dr.

In-situ preparation of norepinephrine-functionalized silver nanoparticles and application for colorimetric detection of tacrolimus in plasma samples

“…So far, numerous analytical methods have been used for the quantification of Tac, such as liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) [ [10] , [11] , [12] , [13] ], ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) [ [14] , [15] , [16] ], UHPLC [ 17 ], enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) [ 18 ], enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) [ 19 ], automated microparticle enzyme immunoassay (MEIA) [ 20 ], electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) [ 21 ], fluorescent aptasensor [ 22 ], and electrochemical immunosensor [ 9 ]. Some of these methods require extensive training, a high degree of technical ability, a time-consuming process, and high-cost sophisticated equipment, which are the main drawbacks for rapid and real-time routine quantifications [ 23 ]. Modern analysis technology appreciates fast, simple training, and sensitive techniques for TDM, which can be operated for on-site applications [ 9 , [24] , [25] , [26] , [27] ].…”

“…As an additional feature for simple colorimetric analysis is the possibility of their precise quantifications using smart-phone applications [ 29 , 30 ]. Various types of materials were utilized for colorimetric detection in different media [ 23 , 28 , 31 ]. For instance, metal nanoparticles (NPs) such as gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), and platinum (Pt) recently appealed to global interests as favorable materials for the invention of an appropriate colorimetric nanosensor due to their distinct color through aggregation state in the presence of the target analytes [ [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] ].…”

Importance of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Immunosuppressant Drugs Using Cost-Effective Analytical Methods

“…Usually, to enhance the sensitivity, mass spectrometry is coupled to HPLC which is a high cost and sophisticated apparatus which is not suitable for on-site detection. 12 Immunoassay systems suffer from limitations such as high cost, lack of stability, and cross-reactivity of the used antibodies. All these methods are time-consuming for patients which need to spend time in clinical centers.…”

“…For instance, in a post-renal-transplantation situation, TDM of immunosuppressants is required weekly and then tapered to every three months. 12 The cost of onetime analysis with new and advanced mass spectrometry methods is estimated at about $200 000 which is increased by additional required costs (reagents and service) and $5000-20 000 for initial equipment of immunoassay analysis plus other recurring costs ($300-1000 per month ePublished: 29 December 2021 depending on the extent of usage). 13 In order to continually monitoring of immunosuppressants, we need analytical methods which can detect and quantify the drug concentrations with facile processes in a short period of time such as optical and electrochemical approaches.…”

“…This sensor in addition to being validated for plasma samples and drug formulation is applied to measure plasma concentration of cyclosporine in two patients following oral consumption. 12 Mohammad Almahri et al used spectrofluorometric and chemiluminescence methods for the determination of azathioprine in a pharmaceutical formulation. 16 In another study, Prashanth et al developed an electrochemical sensor for mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) detection using graphene oxide reduction.…”