Dominance reversals: the resolution of genetic conflict and maintenance of genetic variation

Grieshop, Karl; Ho, Eddie K. H.; Kasimatis, Katja R.

doi:10.1098/rspb.2023.2816

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 151 publications

(271 reference statements)

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“…Dominance reversal, where alleles are partially or completely dominant when expressed in the sex they benefit and recessive otherwise, can also act to partially mitigate conflict [82][83][84][85][86]. In addition, the occurrence of dominance reversal could favour the accumulation of sexually antagonistic alleles on the autosomes, instead of the X chromosome [85].…”

Section: (V) Dominance Reversalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the occurrence of dominance reversal could favour the accumulation of sexually antagonistic alleles on the autosomes, instead of the X chromosome [ 85 ]. Although signatures of dominance reversal may be difficult to detect, multiple promising methods have been proposed (reviewed in [ 86 ]). Sex-dependent dominance reversal has been identified in a single large-effect locus determining salmon age at maturity [ 83 ], in a supergene that mediates trout migration tendency [ 87 ] and in a polygenic trait underlying Drosophila immunocompetence [ 88 ].…”

Section: Towards Resolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Seed beetles also show genome-wide dominance reversals for sexually antagonistic alleles underlying fitness [ 84 ]. As noted by Grieshop et al [ 86 ], dominance reversals mitigate but do not fully resolve conflict because homozygotes will always exist to some degree in the sex where the genotype is not favoured.…”

Section: Towards Resolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On the resolution of sexual conflict over shared traits

Pennell,

Mank,

Alonzo

et al. 2024

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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Anisogamy, different-sized male and female gametes, sits at the heart of sexual selection and conflict between the sexes. Sperm producers (males) and egg producers (females) of the same species generally share most, if not all, of the same genome, but selection frequently favours different trait values in each sex for traits common to both. The extent to which this conflict might be resolved, and the potential mechanisms by which this can occur, have been widely debated. Here, we summarize recent findings and emphasize that once the sexes evolve, sexual selection is ongoing, and therefore new conflict is always possible. In addition, sexual conflict is largely a multivariate problem, involving trait combinations underpinned by networks of interconnected genes. Although these complexities can hinder conflict resolution, they also provide multiple possible routes to decouple male and female phenotypes and permit sex-specific evolution. Finally, we highlight difficulty in the study of sexual conflict over shared traits and promising directions for future research.

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Section: (V) Dominance Reversalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Towards Resolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

On the resolution of sexual conflict over shared traits

Pennell,

Mank,

Alonzo

et al. 2024

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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Dominance reversals: the resolution of genetic conflict and maintenance of genetic variation

Grieshop,

Ho,

Kasimatis

2024

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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Beneficial reversals of dominance reduce the costs of genetic trade-offs and can enable selection to maintain genetic variation for fitness. Beneficial dominance reversals are characterized by the beneficial allele for a given context (e.g. habitat, developmental stage, trait or sex) being dominant in that context but recessive where deleterious. This context dependence at least partially mitigates the fitness consequence of heterozygotes carrying one non-beneficial allele for their context and can result in balancing selection that maintains alternative alleles. Dominance reversals are theoretically plausible and are supported by mounting empirical evidence. Here, we highlight the importance of beneficial dominance reversals as a mechanism for the mitigation of genetic conflict and review the theory and empirical evidence for them. We identify some areas in need of further research and development and outline three methods that could facilitate the identification of antagonistic genetic variation (dominance ordination, allele-specific expression and allele-specific ATAC-Seq (assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with sequencing)). There is ample scope for the development of new empirical methods as well as reanalysis of existing data through the lens of dominance reversals. A greater focus on this topic will expand our understanding of the mechanisms that resolve genetic conflict and whether they maintain genetic variation.

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The maintenance of genetic polymorphism underlying sexually antagonistic traits

Flintham,

Savolainen,

Otto

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Selection often favours different trait values in males and females, leading to genetic conflicts between the sexes, or sexual antagonism. Theory suggests that such conflict can maintain genetic variation by generating balancing selection. However, most of this theory is based on insights from models of single loci with fixed fitness effects. It is thus unclear how readily sexual antagonism drives balancing selection at loci where the fitness effects are not arbitrarily set but emerge from the genotype-phenotype map and the fitness landscape. Here we use mathematical models and computer simulations to investigate the evolution of traits that have different optima in males and females and so experience sexually antagonistic selection. We examine the consequences of such selection for the maintenance and nature of genetic variation under different assumptions of genetic architecture and for different fitness landscapes. We show that the conditions necessary to maintain variation are significantly more restrictive than previously appreciated. This is because the majority of typical sex-specific fitness landscapes generate stabilising selection on traits, and so favour the fixation of a single homozygote genotype that encodes the phenotype with the highest sex-averaged fitness. Instead, the maintenance of genetic polymorphism requires extremely, if not implausibly, strong conflict between males and females in order to disfavour extreme and intermediate phenotypes by generating diversifying selection. Furthermore, in all cases, we find that distinctive patterns of genetic variation produced by sexual antagonism arise rarely and are often transient, and so are difficult to observe in genomic data. Taken together, our results indicate that sex-specific selection is not a straightforward source of balanced genetic polymorphism and leaves few traces in the genome. Rather, we suggest that sexual antagonism is most likely to maintain genetic variation when traits are determined by a single large effect locus where genetic constraints lead to a limited range of possible alleles.

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Dominance reversals: the resolution of genetic conflict and maintenance of genetic variation

Cited by 6 publications

References 151 publications

On the resolution of sexual conflict over shared traits

On the resolution of sexual conflict over shared traits

Dominance reversals: the resolution of genetic conflict and maintenance of genetic variation

The maintenance of genetic polymorphism underlying sexually antagonistic traits

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