Doğrusal Olmayan Birim Kök Testleri Kullanılarak 21 OECD Ülkesinde Sağlık Harcamaları Yakınsamasının Test Edilmesi

Abstract

Objective:The purpose of this study is to analyze the stochastic time series behaviour of health expenditure in the 21 OECD countries between 1975 and 2019 using a variety of state-of-the-art (cutting-edge) unit root tests. Methods: In this study, the linear ADF unit root test and eight relevant nonlinear unit root tests are used to empirically estimate whether the 21 OECD countries' health expenditure data show convergence. Results:The empirical findings are in support the stationarity of health expenditure in 20 of the 21 OECD countries. Conclusions: Health convergence hypothesis is confirmed in most OECD countries, indicating that health expenditure shocks have solely temporary effects on country-level health expenditure. The empirical study provides significant policy implications. The empirical part of the study indicated that policy measures chosen by the policymakers cannot be made without considering possible nonlinearities in health expenditure data. More investment in the policy proposals stated in the conclusion section in the low regime years, as well as the continuation of current ones in the high regime periods, have been determined to offer appropriate conditions for health spending convergence. Furthermore, it has been determined that structural changes outside of the regime have resulted in a change in health expenditure convergence in countries such as Japan and South Korea. It is essential to invest in these countries while taking into account the periods of structural change.

Determinants of health expenditures: income level countries analysis

“…The higher the consumption of a country will impact increasing health expenditure. But in comparison, the results found that the tendency of low-income countries is in line with the increase in consumption where the increase in their consumption is used to increase the proportion of health expenditures; thus, health expenditure per capita increases (Çelik et al, 2022;Nghiem & Connelly, 2017). In other country classifications such as middle and low, high and middle countries, and above, the increase in consumption has the opposite response, where the increase in overall consumption decreases health expenditure per capita.…”

The impact of public health expenditure and gross domestic product per capita on the risk of catastrophic health expenditures for OECD countries

“…The results of the tests showed that there are deviations in all three assumptions, so the current model cannot be used because it includes inter-unit correlation, autocorrelation, and heteroscedasticity. In heteroscedasticity, autocorrelation, and inter-unit correlation, the Driscoll and Kraay standard error correction estimator is one of the robust estimators ( 18 ). Therefore, Driscoll and Kraay's standard error correction estimator was used for the final estimation results of the study.…”

The spatial linkage mechanism: medical level, public health security, and economic climate from 19 OECD EU countries

“…Therefore, the government must grasp the intensity of intervention, both development and pandemic prevention and control. Health spending can affect GDP to some extent, and its impact is not entirely linear; increased health spending in a country increases human capital, either directly or indirectly, leading to higher productivity and an increase in GDP (20,21). Healthcare levels and economic development go hand in hand.…”