Dog skin parasite load, <scp>TLR</scp>‐2, <scp>IL</scp>‐10 and <scp>TNF</scp>‐α expression and infectiousness

Pereira-Fonseca, D. C. M.; Oliveira-Rovai, Fernanda Muller de; Rodas, Lílian Aparecida Colebrusco; Beloti, Carolina Aparecida Carlin; Torrecilha, Rafaela Beatriz Pintor; Ito, Pier Kenji Rauschkolb Katsuda; Avanço, Saulo Vinícius; Cipriano, Rafael Silva; Utsunomiya, Yuri Tani; Hiramoto, Roberto Mitsuyoshi; Calvo-Bado, Leo A.; Courtenay, Orin; Machado, Gisele Fabrino; Lima, Valéria Marçal Felix de; Nunes, Cáris Maroni

doi:10.1111/pim.12493

Cited by 16 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…The lack of correlation between NO production in splenic macrophages and the parasitic load also was previously observed in the skin at where the increase of parasitic load led to upregulation of TLR2, IL-10 and TNF but not iNOS [34], it can also be related to the evasive mechanisms of Leishmania used to suppress the production of NO in order to maintain their survival in the host and that may be damaging the leishmanicidal activity [35]. In addition, the high percentage of cells producing NO in the spleen in the apoptotic process would undermine the control of the parasitic load.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

Cellular apoptosis and nitric oxide production in PBMC and spleen from dogs with visceral leishmaniasis

Martini

Andrade

Almeida

et al. 2018

Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

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Nitric oxide (NO) is involved in the death of the Leishmania parasite and regulation of apoptosis. We quantified the frequency of cells producing NO and its levels in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), leukocytes from spleen in Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) symptomatic dogs and correlated NO levels with apoptosis and parasite load in the spleen. The percentage of NO+ cells and CD14+/NO+ was higher in PBMC and spleen cells in infected dogs than in controls. The levels of NO+ and CD14+/NO+ cells was higher in PBMC, but lower spleen of dogs infected than compared to control. Late apoptosis rates increased in PBMC and spleen of infected dogs compared to controls, and the NO levels and apoptosis not showed correlation. There was a positive correlation between the percentage of cells producing NO in the spleen and parasite load. The NO participates in the immune response in the canine VL, but it is not apoptosis inducer.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

Cellular apoptosis and nitric oxide production in PBMC and spleen from dogs with visceral leishmaniasis

Martini

Andrade

Almeida

et al. 2018

Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

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“…In a study from Brazil, a high parasite load was found along with increased frequency and expression of TLR2 in cells from the colon of sick dogs [ 29 ]. In addition, the up regulation of TLR-2 genes has been positively associated with parasite load in the skin of naturally infected dogs [ 44 ]. According to this, parasite load in papular dermatitis has been demonstrated to be lower than in more severe cutaneous CanL states [ 14 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parasite Specific Antibody Levels, Interferon-γ and TLR2 and TLR4 Transcripts in Blood from Dogs with Different Clinical Stages of Leishmaniosis

Montserrat‐Sangrà

Ordeix

Martínez-Orellana

et al. 2018

Veterinary Sciences

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Canine leishmaniosis has a wide range of disease severity from mild (stage I), to severe (stages II–III), or very severe disease (stage IV). The objective of the study was to evaluate and compare serum antibody levels, Leishmania infantum specific IFN-γ production and TLR2 and TLR4 transcripts in non-stimulated blood from dogs with different clinical stages at the time of diagnosis as well as blood parasitemia. Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISAs) were performed to determine serum antibody levels and IFN-γ production and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCRs) in order to determine blood parasite load and TLR2 and TLR4 transcripts. Older dogs were significantly affected by more severe disease with higher antibody levels and blood parasitemia than dogs with mild disease. IFN-γ production was significantly higher in dogs with stage I disease when compared to dogs with more severe disease. Relative quantification of TLR2 in dogs with mild disease was similar to that of control dogs. On the other hand, TLR2 transcripts were significantly higher in dogs with severe disease as compared with that from control healthy dogs. No differences were found in TLR4 relative quantification between groups. This study demonstrates that dogs with different clinical stages of leishmaniosis present different levels of biological markers indicative of different immune responses.

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“…A Th2-biased immune response, with an increased expression of IL-4 (Brachelente et al, 2005 ), IL-10, and TGF-β (Rodríguez-Cortés et al, 2016 ) or overproduction of IL-4, IL-13, and TNF-α (Papadogiannakis and Koutinas, 2015 ) was associated with a high parasite burden and clinical disease. An increased parasite load was also associated with up upregulation of IL-10 and TNF-α in the skin of infected dogs (Pereira-Fonseca et al, 2017 ). On the other hand, a mixed Th1/Th2 cytokine profile and low levels of GATA-3 and Foxp3 + transcription factors in asymptomatic dogs indicates that in the absence of clinical signs or in cases with low number of parasites in the skin, a mixed inflammatory/regulatory immune response may be crucial (Menezes-Souza et al, 2011 ).…”

Section: Immunological Biomarkers Of Susceptibility and Resistance Tomentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomarkers Associated With Leishmania infantum Exposure, Infection, and Disease in Dogs

Maia

Campino

2018

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is a vector-borne disease caused by the protozoan Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum species [syn. L. (L.) infantum chagasi species in the Americas] which is transmitted by the bite of a female phlebotomine sand fly. This parasitosis is endemic and affect millions of dogs in Asia, the Americas and the Mediterranean basin. Domestic dogs are the main hosts and the main reservoir hosts for human zoonotic leishmaniosis. The outcome of infection is a consequence of intricate interactions between the protozoan and the immunological and genetic background of the host. Clinical manifestations can range from subclinical infection to very severe disease. Early detection of infected dogs, their close surveillance and treatment are essential to control the dissemination of the parasite among other dogs, being also a pivotal element for the control of human zoonotic leishmaniosis. Hence, the identification of biomarkers for the confirmation of Leishmania infection, disease and determination of an appropriate treatment would represent an important tool to assist clinicians in diagnosis, monitoring and in giving a realistic prognosis to subclinical infected and sick dogs. Here, we review the recent advances in the identification of Leishmania infantum biomarkers, focusing on those related to parasite exposure, susceptibility to infection and disease development. Markers related to the pathogenesis of the disease and to monitoring the evolution of leishmaniosis and treatment outcome are also summarized. Data emphasizes the complexity of parasite-host interactions and that a single biomarker cannot be used alone for CanL diagnosis or prognosis. Nevertheless, results are encouraging and future research to explore the potential clinical application of biomarkers is warranted.

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Dog skin parasite load, TLR‐2, IL‐10 and TNF‐α expression and infectiousness

Cited by 16 publications

References 47 publications

Cellular apoptosis and nitric oxide production in PBMC and spleen from dogs with visceral leishmaniasis

Cellular apoptosis and nitric oxide production in PBMC and spleen from dogs with visceral leishmaniasis

Parasite Specific Antibody Levels, Interferon-γ and TLR2 and TLR4 Transcripts in Blood from Dogs with Different Clinical Stages of Leishmaniosis

Biomarkers Associated With Leishmania infantum Exposure, Infection, and Disease in Dogs

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