Does spitting in public play a role in transmitting SARS-CoV-2?

Colson, Philippe; Lagier, Jean‐Christophe; Parola, Philippe; Raoult, Didier

doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101759

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…With the adoption of germ theory, successful anti-spitting campaigns were organized in the United States and Europe [3]. Norms about hygiene received renewed attention with the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, with public health experts emphasizing the importance of increased hand sanitization (e.g., Dalton et al [4]) and of reducing respiratory droplets by using facemasks, sneezing, and coughing into the elbow, and refraining from spitting [5,6]. Importantly, hygiene norms are not fixed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global sex differences in hygiene norms and their relation to sex equality

Eriksson

Dickins²,

Strimling³

2022

PLOS Glob Public Health

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Strict norms about hygiene may sometimes have health benefits but may also be a burden. Based on research in the United States, it has been suggested that women traditionally shoulder responsibility for hygiene standards and therefore tend to have stricter views on hygiene. However, there is little systematic research on sex differences in hygiene norms at the global scale. We set up two hypotheses: (1) Stricter hygiene norms among women than among men is a global phenomenon. (2) The size of this sex difference varies across nations with the level of sex equality. We examine these hypotheses using data from a recent international survey (N = 17,632). Participants in 56 countries were asked for their views of where it is not appropriate for people to spit and in which situations people should wash their hands. As a measure of sex equality, we use an existing country-level measure of attitudes to equality between the sexes, available for 49 nations in the study. Stricter hygiene norms among women than among men are observed almost everywhere, but there are a few exceptions (most notably Nigeria and Saudi Arabia). The size of the sex difference in hygiene norms varies strongly with the level of sex equality, but in a non-linear way. The sex difference is most pronounced in moderately egalitarian countries with the highest recorded difference being in Chile. In more egalitarian parts of the world, more sex equality is associated with a smaller sex difference in hygiene norms. In the less egalitarian parts of the world, the opposite relation holds. We offer an interpretation in terms of what different levels of sex equality mean for the content of sex roles.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global sex differences in hygiene norms and their relation to sex equality

Eriksson

Dickins²,

Strimling³

2022

PLOS Glob Public Health

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“…Recently, some authors have suggested the usefulness of the 6-MWT in the initial diagnosis of COVID-19 ( 16 ), for early discrimination of mild from severe cases; however, there are concerns about the likely transmission of COVID-19 via the air to healthcare personnel and individuals with other chronic lung diseases who attend pulmonary function test laboratories ( 17 , 18 ). Therefore, new preventive measures have been proposed, one of which is the use of face mask to reduce the risk of infection ( 16 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Masking the 6-Minute Walking Test in the COVID-19 Era

Salles-Rojas¹,

Guzmán-Valderrábano²,

Madrid³

et al. 2021

Annals ATS

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“…2). Both surfaces and strainers in washbasins may be contaminated by nasal mucus, saliva and/or sputum due to hand and face washing, and spitting into the sink by users (D'Accolti et al, 2020;Gautret et al, 2020;Wu et al, 2019). When the next person uses the washbasin, the faucet water jet impinges on the bottom of the basin, which could aerosolise waste secretions.…”

Section: Surfaces: Wash Basinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, fomite contamination offers a host of possible transmission pathways via hand touch surfaces after toilet flushing or direct touch from contaminated hands (e.g. toilet door handles: Cheng et al, 2020;Moore et al, 2021;sink: D'Accolti et al, 2020;Döhla et al, 2020;Gautret et al, 2020;Ge et al, 2021; taps, paper towel dispenser, hand dryers, bathroom door handles, etc., Lam et al, 2021;Verani et al, 2014;Wan et al, 2021; toilet flush: Ge et al, 2021; and toilet paper dispenser: Sassi et al, 2018). These may be contaminated with infective excreta, saliva and/or nasopharyngeal fluids unless sites are cleaned regularly (Chia et al, 2020;Ding et al, 2020;Ong et al, 2020).…”

Section: Bathroom Surfacesmentioning

confidence: 99%

What is the risk of acquiring SARS-CoV-2 from the use of public toilets?

Dancer

Hart

et al. 2021

Science of The Total Environment

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Public toilets may act as a contact hub point for SARS-CoV-2 transmission. • All accepted transmission mechanisms for SARS-CoV-2 co-exist in a public toilet. • Faecal and urinary derived aerosols contain viable SARS-CoV-2 virus. • Issues over space, ventilation, frequency of use, cleaning and maintenance compound the transmission risk. • Actions to prevent COVID-19 infection are offered in lieu of supportive scientific evidence.

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Does spitting in public play a role in transmitting SARS-CoV-2?

Cited by 5 publications

References 5 publications

Global sex differences in hygiene norms and their relation to sex equality

Global sex differences in hygiene norms and their relation to sex equality

Masking the 6-Minute Walking Test in the COVID-19 Era

What is the risk of acquiring SARS-CoV-2 from the use of public toilets?

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