Does prolonged chewing reduce food intake? Fletcherism revisited

Smit, H.J.; Kemsley, E. Kate; Tapp, Henri S.; Henry, Christiani Jeyakumar

doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.02.003

Cited by 93 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…This is consistent with the findings of many previous studies of the relationships between the objectively and subjectively assessed eating speeds and the body composition and shape (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19). Previous studies have also demonstrated that fast eating induces overeating, and that overeating is related to weight gain due to the ingestion of a larger volume of food before experiencing satiety (22)(23)(24). Longitudinal studies found that fast eating induced weight gain, with the odds ratio of being overweight during a 3-y follow-up being 4.4 times higher in fast eaters than in not-fast eaters (5), and the weight gain during an 8-y follow-up being 1.9 kg in a fast eating group compared to 0.7 kg in moderate and slow eating groups (15).…”

supporting

confidence: 80%

Objective and Subjective Eating Speeds Are Related to Body Composition and Shape in Female College Students

Hamada

Miyaji

Hayashi

et al. 2017

Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, J Nutr Sci Vit

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Summary Eating speed reportedly relates to body composition and shape. Little is known about the relationship between the objectively assessed eating speed and the body composition and shape. This study examined relationships between eating speed as assessed both objectively and subjectively, and body composition and shape. The following variables of body composition and shape were measured in 84 female college students: body mass, relative body fat mass (%Fat), body mass index (BMI), and circumferences of the waist, abdomen and hip. After measuring the body composition and shape, subjects consumed a 174-kcal salmon rice ball. The following chewing variables were measured by observing videotape recordings of the subjects' faces: number of chews per bite, total number of chews, total meal duration, number of bites, and chewing rate. The subjects were categorized into three groups (fast, moderate and slow) according to their own subjective assessments of the actual eating speed. In objective assessments of the eating speed, the total number of chews and the total meal duration were significantly negatively correlated with the body mass, %Fat, BMI, and circumferences of the waist, abdomen and hip. In subjective eating-speed assessments, the body mass, %Fat, BMI, and circumferences of the waist, abdomen and hip were greater in the fast eating group than in the slow eating group. Both the objectively and subjectively assessed eating speeds are related to the body composition and shape. The present study supports that fast eating may relate to gains in body mass and/or fat mass. Key Words body composition, eating speed, mastication, meal duration Overweight and obesity have become one of the public health issues disseminating worldwide: the global obesity pandemic (1). The presence of overweight and obesity increases the incidence rates of many health problems, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, musculoskeletal disorders, and some cancers (2). Strategies for effectively preventing the spread of overweight and obesity are therefore urgently needed.Slow eating, which involves chewing food slowly and thoroughly, is an effective strategy for preventing overweight and obesity, with many previous studies having found eating speed to be related to the body composition and shape (3-18). However, these studies were limited by their use of questionnaires to assess the eating speed. While questionnaires make it easy to survey eating speeds in large samples, it is unclear whether such subjective assessments of eating speed actually reflect actual eating speeds. Objective assessments of the eating speed are therefore necessary for reliably investigating the relationships between the eating speed and the body composition and shape.To the best of our knowledge, only one study has objectively assessed the eating speed (19); those authors found that the total numbers of chews and the total meal duration were significantly correlated with the body mass index (BMI). Both males and females were included in that study, whereas H...

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supporting

confidence: 80%

Objective and Subjective Eating Speeds Are Related to Body Composition and Shape in Female College Students

Hamada

Miyaji

Hayashi

et al. 2017

Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, J Nutr Sci Vit

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“…increased chewing, etc.) (Smit, Kemsley, Tapp, & Henry, 2011). Silanikove (1992) linked reductions in salivary secretions and feed intake in ruminants during 72 h water restriction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Effect of hydration status and fluid availability on ad-libitum energy intake of a semi-solid breakfast

et al. 2015

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“…increased chewing etc.) (Smit et al, 2011). Silanikove (1992) linked reductions in salivary secretions and feed intake in ruminants during 72 h water restriction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of hydration status on appetite and energy intake

Corney

Sunderland

James

2014

Journal of Sports Sciences

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This study investigated the effects of hydration status and fluid availability on appetite and energy intake. Sixteen males completed four 24 h trials, visiting the laboratory overnight fasted on two consecutive days. Standardised foods were provided during the 24 h and on day two an ad-libitum semi-solid porridge breakfast was provided. Water intake during the 24 h (0 or 40 mL•kg -1 ) and fluid provision during the ad-libitum breakfast were manipulated so subjects were euhydrated with (EU-F) and without fluid (EU-NF) available at breakfast; and hypohydrated with (HYPO-F) and without fluid (HYPO-NF) available at breakfast. Blood samples (0 and 24 h), urine samples (0-24 h) and subjective responses (0, 24 and 24.5 h) were collected. HYPO trials decreased body mass by ~1.8%. Serum and urine osmolality increased and plasma volume decreased during HYPO trials (P<0.001). Total urine output was greater during EU than HYPO trials (P<0.001). Ad-libitum energy intake was not different between trials: 2658 (938) kJ (EU-F), 2353 (643) kJ (EU-NF),2295 (529) kJ (HYPO-F), 2414 (954) kJ (HYPO-NF), (P=0.131). Fluid intake was ~200 mL greater during HYPO-F than EU-F (P<0.01). There was an interaction effect for thirst (P<0.001), but not hunger or fullness. These results demonstrate that mild hypohydration produced by inadequate fluid intake and fluid availability during eating does not influence ad-libitum energy intake of a semi-solid breakfast, at least in healthy young males.3

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Does prolonged chewing reduce food intake? Fletcherism revisited

Cited by 93 publications

References 30 publications

Objective and Subjective Eating Speeds Are Related to Body Composition and Shape in Female College Students

Objective and Subjective Eating Speeds Are Related to Body Composition and Shape in Female College Students

Effect of hydration status and fluid availability on ad-libitum energy intake of a semi-solid breakfast

The effect of hydration status on appetite and energy intake

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