Does post‐infectious olfactory loss affect mood more severely than chronic sinusitis with olfactory loss?

Abstract

3b.

Burden of Illness: A Systematic Review of Depression in Chronic Rhinosinusitis

“…With regard to demographics, depression was associated with female sex in two studies, 8,19 whereas three studies failed to detect an association. 7,13,18 In general, other demographic factors, such as age and race, were uniformly not associated with depression.…”

“…The first study used a validated Japanese version of the BDI-II, which was revised from the original BDI in 1996 to correspond with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition criteria. 19,20 A score of Ն10 was used to define depression, which resulted in a prevalence of mild depression to be 36%, moderate depression to be 4%, and severe depression to be 0%. The combined prevalence, therefore, was 40% ( Table 1).…”

“…The other BDI study used a cutoff of Ն14 to diagnose depression and found a prevalence of 31.0%. 18 Among the nine studies that used validated questionnaires, 9,11,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19] the prevalence of depression ranged from 11.0 to 40.0%. As seen from both the HADS and BDI data, the score used to define depression varied among the studies, and the lower thresholds for defining depression resulted in higher prevalences (Table 1).…”

“…Three studies examined baseline medication usage, productivity, or physician visits, and found that comorbid depression was uniformly associated with worse performance across each of these metrics (Table 2). 7,9,17 Two studies 19,21 reported worse baseline olfaction in patients with CRS and depression, although one of these studies was limited to patients with CRS with nasal polyposis. 21 …”

Mood Disorders among Chronic Rhino-Sinusitis Patients

“…In another study using hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS), 25.9% and 14.7% of CRS patients had high levels of anxiety and depression, respectively [8]. In a cohort study in 2011 the incidence of depression in patients with CRS was 77% more than control group with a hazard ratio of 1.56 [8] while these studies report depression as a highly prevalent disorder in CRS patients there are some other studies which report the prevalence of highly probable depression as low as 3 to 4% [9,10]. In 2016 Schloser et al reviewed 13 studies and reported the prevalence of probable depression to be from 11 to 40% [11].…”