Does l-carnitine supplementation affect serum levels of enzymes mainly produced by liver? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials

Pirmadah, Farzaneh; Ramezani‐Jolfaie, Nahid; Mohammadi, Mohammad; Talenezhad, Nasir; Clark, Cain C. T.; Salehi‐Abargouei, Amin

doi:10.1007/s00394-019-02068-4

Cited by 20 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…Nevertheless, the lack of significant differences in both, SOD and triglycerides between groups points toward different reasons behind the reduced numerical values of AST in the CARN group. Accordingly, elevated AST levels are not specific to liver disease, but are also related to skeletal muscle metabolism and cardiomyopathy ( Pirmadah et al, 2020 ). At this point, it must be remembered that early feed restricted lambs showed increased catabolism of proteins and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy caused by mitochondrial dysfunction ( Santos et al, 2018b ), so dietary L-Carnitine might have exerted some protective effects in the present study; the reduced heart weight in the CARN group together with reduced numerical levels of CK, a marker of muscle metabolism and damage ( Yarizadh et al, 2020 ), would be aligned with this hypothesis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Administration of L-Carnitine During the Fattening Period of Early Feed Restricted Lambs Modifies Ruminal Fermentation but Does Not Improve Feed Efficiency

et al. 2022

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Early feed restriction of lambs may program animals to achieve reduced feed efficiency traits as a consequence of permanent mitochondrial dysfunction. The hypothesis at the background of the present study is that dietary administration of L-Carnitine (a compound that promotes the activation and transportation of fatty acids into the mitochondria) during the fattening period of early feed restricted lambs can: (a) improve the biochemical profile of early feed restricted lambs, (b) improve feed efficiency, (c) modulate the ruminal and intestinal microbiota, and (d) induce changes in the gastrointestinal mucosa, including the immune status. Twenty-two newborn male Merino lambs were raised under natural conditions but separated from the dams for 9 h daily to allow feed restriction during the suckling period. At weaning, lambs were assigned to a control group being fed ad libitum a complete pelleted diet during the fattening phase (CTRL, n = 11), whereas the second group (CARN, n = 11) received the same diet supplemented with 3 g of L-Carnitine/kg diet. The results revealed that even though L-Carnitine was absorbed, feed efficiency was not modified by dietary L-Carnitine during the fattening period (residual feed intake, p > 0.05), whereas ruminal fermentation was improved [total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), 113 vs. 154 mmol/l; p = 0.036]. Moreover, a trend toward increased concentration of butyrate in the ileal content (0.568 vs. 1.194 mmol/100 ml SCFA; p = 0.074) was observed. Other effects, such as reduced heart weight, lower levels of markers related to muscle metabolism or damage, improved renal function, and increased ureagenesis, were detected in the CARN group. Limited changes in the microbiota were also detected. These findings suggest that L-Carnitine may improve ruminal fermentation parameters and maintain both the balance of gut microbiota and the health of the animals. However, the improved ruminal fermentation and the consequent greater accumulation of intramuscular fat might have hidden the effects caused by the ability of dietary L-Carnitine to increase fatty acid oxidation at the mitochondrial level. This would explain the lack of effects of L-Carnitine supplementation on feed efficiency and points toward the need of testing lower doses, probably in the context of animals being fed in excess non-protein nitrogen.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Administration of L-Carnitine During the Fattening Period of Early Feed Restricted Lambs Modifies Ruminal Fermentation but Does Not Improve Feed Efficiency

et al. 2022

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“…Several meta-analyses showed that L-carnitine supplementation improved steatosis and NASH ( 67 ) and carnitine supplementation in NAFLD patients could reduce AST, ALT, TG, and HOMA-IR ( 95 ). In yet another meta-analysis, L-carnitine supplementation was found to significantly improve the circulating levels of ALT, AST, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT), which may have a positive impact on liver function ( 96 ).…”

Section: Treatment Of Nafld With L-carnitine Supplementationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The recommended dose of L-carnitine is 15 g/day for healthy individuals ( 123 ) and 100–400 mg/kg/day for patients with carnitine deficiency ( 96 ). Some side effects have been observed after high-dose supplementation of L-carnitine, such as diarrhea, intestinal problems, and trimethylamine production that causes a fishy odor.…”

Section: Treatment Of Nafld With L-carnitine Supplementationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Carnitine in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Other Related Diseases: An Update

Zhao

2021

Front. Med.

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Carnitine is an amino acid-derived substance that coordinates a wide range of biological processes. Such functions include transport of long-chain fatty acids from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrial matrix, regulation of acetyl-CoA/CoA, control of inter-organellar acyl traffic, and protection against oxidative stress. Recent studies have found that carnitine plays an important role in several diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, its effect is still controversial, and its mechanism is not clear. Herein, this review provides current knowledge on the biological functions of carnitine, the “multiple hit” impact of carnitine on the NAFLD progression, and the downstream mechanisms. Based on the “multiple hit” hypothesis, carnitine inhibits β-oxidation, improves mitochondrial dysfunction, and reduces insulin resistance to ameliorate NAFLD. L-carnitine may have therapeutic role in liver diseases including non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, alcoholic fatty liver disease, and viral hepatitis. We also discuss the prospects of L-carnitine supplementation as a therapeutic strategy in NAFLD and related diseases, and the factors limiting its widespread use.

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“…These enzymes are secreted by the liver, heart cells, and other organs, namely the pancreas, muscle tissue, and kidneys; however, the liver is the main organ that produces AST and ALT (Kim et al, 2005; Purcell, Behenna, & Walsh, 1979). These enzymes play a pivotal role in gluconeogenesis and amino acid metabolism (Dufour et al, 2000; Pirmadah et al, 2020). Although serum levels of ALT and AST can be used to diagnose liver disease, they are less specific markers for this condition, as high AST levels, in particular, are seen following skeletal muscle, brain, heart, and red blood cells damage (Pirmadah et al, 2020; Pratt & Kaplan, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

What is the influence of cinnamon supplementation on liver enzymes? A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials

Mousavi

Jayedi

Bagheri

et al. 2021

Phytotherapy Research

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Existing evidence has uncovered the potential health benefits of cinnamon intake; however, its effect on liver function is unclear. Thus, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the effect of cinnamon supplementation on liver enzymes. Relevant articles were identified through a systematic search in PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase up to September 2020. All trials assessing the effect of oral cinnamon supplementation on serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in adults were included. The pooled effect sizes were obtained using the random-effects model and expressed as mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). A total of seven original trials (nine treatment arms) involving a total of 256 subjects were included in the final analysis. The pooled analysis indicated that cinnamon supplementation had no significant effect on serum levels of ALT, AST, and ALP. However, there was a significant reduction in ALT levels in patients with type 2 diabetes (MD: À4.01 U/L; 95% CI: À6.86, À1.15) and in trials with low-dose supplementation (<1,500 mg/d), follow-up duration longer than 12 weeks, and in the elderly patients (aged>50 years). The beneficial effects of cinnamon intake were also shown in AST levels in patients with type 2 diabetes and trials with long-term follow-up (>12 weeks). Longer-term, oral cinnamon supplementation may improve serum levels of liver enzymes in patients with type 2 diabetes. Further high-quality studies are needed, especially in populations with abnormal liver enzyme levels, to firmly establish the clinical efficacy of cinnamon on liver function.

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Does l-carnitine supplementation affect serum levels of enzymes mainly produced by liver? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials

Abstract: Abargouei, A 2020, 'Does L-carnitine supplementation affect serum levels of enzymes mainly produced by liver? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials',

Cited by 20 publications

References 95 publications

Dietary Administration of L-Carnitine During the Fattening Period of Early Feed Restricted Lambs Modifies Ruminal Fermentation but Does Not Improve Feed Efficiency

Dietary Administration of L-Carnitine During the Fattening Period of Early Feed Restricted Lambs Modifies Ruminal Fermentation but Does Not Improve Feed Efficiency

Role of Carnitine in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Other Related Diseases: An Update

What is the influence of cinnamon supplementation on liver enzymes? A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials

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