Does Hair Zinc Predict Amphetamine Improvement of Add/Hyperactivity?

Arnold, L. Eugene; Votolato, Nicholas A.; Kleykamp, Donald; Baker, Greg; Bornstein, Robert A.

doi:10.3109/00207459008987161

Cited by 48 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Arnold et al (1990) reported a significant correlation of baseline hair zinc with placebo-controlled d-amphetamine response on parent-and teacher-rated Conners hyperactivity index and hyperactivity factor (r = 0.52 to 0.61; p = 0.02 to 0.047, two-tailed) in 18 boys 6-12 years of age with ADHD. The same outcome variables also correlated nonsignificantly at r = 0.30 to 0.45 with 24-hour urine zinc.…”

Section: Possible Effects On Drug Responsementioning

confidence: 97%

“…Hair zinc was lower in ADHD with comorbid oppositional-defiant or conduct disorder than in ADHD alone or with anxiety. Arnold et al (1990) reported that 18 children with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd edition, revised (DSMIII-R) ADHD had 30% lower 24-hour urine zinc than 7 normal controls, suggesting either lower dietary intake or poorer absorption rather than zinc-wasting metabolism. In a companion paper (Arnold et al, 2005), we report on a negative correlation of serum zinc with parent-and teacher-rated inattentive symptoms (r = -45, p = 0.004).…”

Section: Zinc In Adhdmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Zinc in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Arnold

DiSilvestro

2005

Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology

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128

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Objective:The aim of this study was to review the published evidence for a role of zinc nutrition in attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Method:A computer literature search was supplemented by the authors' knowledge. Results:Numerous controlled studies report cross-sectional evidence of lower zinc tissue levels (serum, red cells, hair, urine, nails) in children who have ADHD, compared to normal controls and population norms. A few studies show correlations of zinc level with either clinical severity or a change thereof in response to stimulant or chemical challenge. Two placebo-controlled trials-one of zinc monotherapy, the other of zinc supplementation of methylphenidate-reported significant benefit. However, diagnostic procedures and sample representativeness were often not clear, and most such reports have come from countries and cultures with different diets and/or socioeconomic realities than are found in the United States (only one American sample in nine published reports). In particular, both positive clinical trials of zinc supplementation came from the Mid-East (Turkey and Iran), an area with suspected endemic zinc deficiency. The largest of these trials used zinc doses above the recommended upper tolerable limit and had a 2 in 3 dropout rate. Conclusion:It is not clear how well the accumulating evidence for a possible role of zinc in ADHD applies to middle-class American children. However, the evidence appears strong enough to warrant further controlled study in well-diagnosed samples representative of the socioeconomic spectrum. Hypothesistesting clinical trials are needed of this potential treatment that, if found effective, might become a relatively safe, cheap substitute for, or adjunct to, current treatments in some patients. At present, it should remain an investigational treatment.

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Section: Possible Effects On Drug Responsementioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Zinc In Adhdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zinc in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Arnold

DiSilvestro

2005

Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology

Self Cite

128

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“…21) They also found lowered blood zinc and iron by comparing 486 hyperactive boys and 172 control subjects. 21) The study by Arnold et al 22) revealed that the children who had zinc deficiency showed more severe ADHD symptoms according to the parents and teachers' evaluation scales, and this was related to omission errors. 22) In the present study, the concentration of zinc in the hair was higher in the control group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…21) The study by Arnold et al 22) revealed that the children who had zinc deficiency showed more severe ADHD symptoms according to the parents and teachers' evaluation scales, and this was related to omission errors. 22) In the present study, the concentration of zinc in the hair was higher in the control group. Independent t-test comparing the patient group and the control group did not show a significant difference, but logistic regression analysis showed that zinc deficiency was a significant risk factor of ADHD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship between Hair Zinc and Lead Levels and Clinical Features of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Shin¹,

Kim²,

Oh³

et al. 2014

Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatr

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Objectives：The goal of this study was to examine the association between zinc and lead level and symptoms of attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among Korean children.Methods：A total of 89 clinic-referred children participated in the study (ADHD group=45, control group=44). The participants were 5-15 years old, and were mainly from urban areas of Seoul, Korea. ADHD was diagnosed using the Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version. We excluded children with a comorbid psychiatric disorder, medical illness requiring medication, or a prior history of taking ADHD medication. In order to evaluate the severity of ADHD symptoms, parents' Korean ADHD Rating Scale (K-ARS) was used. The ADHD diagnostic system (ADS) was used for evaluation of the severity of inattention and impulsivity. All participants completed the intelligence test and hair mineral analysis. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the effect of hair zinc and lead levels on the K-ARS and ADS. We measured the predictive ability of the zinc and lead levels using logistic regression analysis.

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“…However, McGee, Williams, Anderson, McKenzie-Parnell, and Silva (1990) did not find a significant correlation of parent and teacher hyperactivity ratings with hair or serum zinc in the epidemiologic Dunedin sample. Arnold, Votolato, Kleykamp, Baker, and Bornstein (1990) reported data suggesting that stimulant response may depend on adequate zinc nutriture. Sandyk (1990) speculated that stimulants might work via their reported propensity for increasing melatonin production, a process dependent on zinc.…”

Section: Zinc Supplementationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment alternatives for Attention-Deficit! Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Arnold

1999

J Atten Disord

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Results:Twenty-three alternate Tx were identified, ranging in scientific documentation from discrediting controlled studies through mere hypotheses to positive controlled double-blind clinical trials. Many of them are applicable only to a restricted etiological subgroup. The oligoantigenic or few-foods diet has convincing double-blind evidence of efficacy in multiple trials for a properly selected subgroup. Enzyme-potentiated desensitization to foods, relaxation/EMG biofeedback, and deleading also have controlled evidence of efficacy. Glyconutritional supplementation, iron supplementation, magnesium supplementation, Chinese herbals, EEG biofeedback, meditation, mirror feedback, channel-specific perceptual training, and vestibular stimulation all have promising prospective pilot data. Single-vitamin megadosage has some intriguing pilot trial data. Zinc supplementation is hypothetically supported by systematic case-control data but has no systematic clinical trial. Laser acupuncture has promising unpublished pilot data. Essential fatty acid supplementation has promising systematic case-control data but clinical trials are equivocal. Recommended-Daily-Allowance vitamin supplementation, nonChinese herbals, homeopathic remedies, and antifungal therapy have no systematic data in ADHD. Megadose multivitamin combinations are probably ineffective for most patients and possibly dangerous. Simple sugar restriction and hypnosis seem ineffective. Amino acid supplementation, though mildly effective in the short term, is not effective beyond a few weeks. Thyroid Tx is effective in the presence of documented thyroid abnormality, but not otherwise. ConclusionSome alternate Tx of ADHD are effective or probably effective, but mainly for restricted etiologic subgroups. In some cases they are the Tx of choice, and initial evaluation should consider the relevant etiologies. A few have failed to prove effective in controlled trials. Most need research to determine whether they are effective and/or to define the applicable subgroup. Some of them, though not safer than standard Tx, may be preferable for an etiologic subgroup.

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Does Hair Zinc Predict Amphetamine Improvement of Add/Hyperactivity?

Cited by 48 publications

References 11 publications

Zinc in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Zinc in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

The Relationship between Hair Zinc and Lead Levels and Clinical Features of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Treatment alternatives for Attention-Deficit! Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

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